<p>Wayna Chullunkhäni  icicle, -ni a suffix to indicate ownership, meaning "Young Chullunkhäni" or literally "the young one with icicles", Hispanicized spelling Huayna Chulluncani, also Huayna Chullcani) is a 4,736 m mountain in the Cordillera Occidental in the Andes of Bolivia. It is located in the Oruro Department, Sajama Province, Turco Municipality.</p><br>
<p>The name of this mountain - where wayna is sometimes used in the Andes region as an attribute for a neighboring lower mountain - might refer to the Chullkani volcano (5,032 m) west of it which possibly erroneously received that name instead of Chullunkhäni.</p><br>
<p>Another mountain named Wayna Chullunkhäni, also spelled (Huayna Chuluncani), lies northwest of Chullkani at 18&deg;14&prime;57&Prime;S latitude, 68&deg;51&prime;22&Prime;W longitude at a creek named Wayna Chullkani (Huayna Chullcani).</p><br>
<p>Charlies Hill Radar Station is a heritage-listed radar station off Charlies Hill Road, Inkerman, Shire of Burdekin, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1943 by Royal Australian Air Force. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 February 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Charlie&#39;s Hill Radio Direction and Ranging (RADAR) Station, located south of the town of Home Hill, was constructed in 1943 as part of the World War II defences mounted in north Queensland. It was constructed by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF).</p><br>
<p>With the imminent threat of war with Japan in the Pacific the Australian Government had been looking to the resources of north Queensland from the late 1930s. Following the declaration of war on Japan on 9 December 1941, Japan launched simultaneous attacks on Hawaii, Hong Kong and Malaya. Immediate action was taken to construct military installations in north Queensland. The bombing of Darwin (March 1942) and Townsville (July 1942) and the arrival of American troops in the north (from March 1942) accelerated plans to establish facilities in the area. However the shifting of the war to New Guinea in May 1942 intensified the military presence in the area as the important role the north would play in the defence against Japan was recognised. Radar stations were established along the north Queensland coast during WWII to give the earliest possible warning of approaching enemy aircraft. The RAAF installed No 211 Radar Station on Charlies Hill in late 1943. It was one of twenty radar installations established along the north Queensland coastline. Whilst many were established in remote locations, the station at Charlies Hill was located near the town of Home Hill just south of the Burdekin River.</p><br>
<p>The installation, known as a 200 Series, fixed ground "high flying" radar station was one of only two of this type located in north Queensland (the other being No 220 at Bones Knob, Tolga). The 211 Radar Station utilised British Advanced Chain Overseas (ACO) equipment, operated in the HF band at 42.05 megacycles per second, which is a wave length of about 7 metres, and had height finding capabilities. Two 186 foot wooden towers, which were assembled in kit form, stood approximately 100 metres apart, and supported the transmitting and receiving aerials. The equipment was housed in two above ground semi-circular bomb-proof igloos constructed of reinforced concrete. The eastern igloo housed the receiving equipment whilst the western igloo housed the transmitting equipment. It is believed that these igloos were designed to be built underground, with a short access tower at the end, although the tower would have also provided much needed ventilation. Other services provided at the site include a camp-site of huts, mess and toilet facilities and a power generator. These were constructed at the base of the hill on the north-western side.</p><br>
<p>The No 211 Radar Station was maintained and operated by a radar unit made up of members of the RAAF and Women&#39;s Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF). The radar units were usually small, numbering around 35 personnel. The station was operated for 24-hours a day with the shifts usually divided into three eight-hour shifts - day, evening and night. Each shift comprised three-four people - one recording the incoming messages, one working on the plotting table, one operator, and a fourth person to operate the telephone. During a shift the personnel would rotate every two hours, to help break up the monotony of the work. The RAAF staff, who lived on site, maintained and operated the station. The WAAAF staff, who worked as operators, plotters, and recorders, were on site during daylight hours only. The WAAAF personnel were accommodated in the hotel at Home Hill.</p><br>
<p>Following the surrender of Japan in August 1945 military installations in north Queensland were disbanded. The Charlie&#39;s Hill Radar Station ceased operating on 1 October 1945. The equipment was dismantled and removed. Before leaving the area, the officers and operators of the unit, in return for the hospitality of the Home Hill residents, hosted a tennis afternoon, dinner and dance in the town.</p><br>
<p>Since the end of World War II, the site of the No 211 Radar Station, Charlie&#39;s Hill has been maintained by the Burdekin Tourism Association as a local tourist attraction.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The No 211 Radar Station is located south of Home Hill by way of the Bruce Highway, turn east into Charlies Hill Road and travel 2 km, turn right onto an unsealed track, which leads up to the radar station on top of a small hill, known as Charlies Hill. To the north-east are Rita Island and Peters Island. The physical remains of the radar station comprise two above ground semi-circular igloos, two spotter&#39;s posts, tower foundations and miscellaneous concrete foundations.</p><br>
<p>The two above ground semi-circular igloos were built on concrete slab foundations and are constructed of reinforced concrete. Each igloo has a tower located at one end, which is believed to have been utilised as an exhaust, with fans drawing in fresh air from the front of the igloo and sucking it out the tower opening. The two igloos are approximately 80 m apart.</p><br>
<p>The eastern (receiving) igloo is approximately 10 m long x 6 m wide. Along the base of the north-east side wall (rear) of the igloo is a small timber framed opening. There is an opening on the southern side, approximately 2 m wide, which would have been the door. The door is no longer extant. Anecdotal evidence indicates that the door was staggered ie. enter one side, walk around one partition, and then another, like an s-bend, to ensure that light was contained inside the igloo at all times. This would also have provided a constant flow of air into the igloo, which was then drawn through the igloo by an exhaust fan situated in the tower. There is a square steel box on top of the tower inscribed with the words "A & W... & Co LTD ENGINNEERS GLASGOW". It is not known what this was use for. The interior of the igloo is bare, except for a modern lounge chair and some rubbish.</p><br>
<p>The remains of four square concrete footings, approximately 1.5 m x 1.5 m, of the wooden tower, which carried the receiving aerial, are located approximately 10 m to the east of the igloo.</p><br>
<p>To the north east of the footings is the remains of a "spotters post" - a chest height, concrete lined hole in the ground. This was operated by member of the Voluntary Air Observers&#39; Corps (VAOC) whose role was to sight air and sea craft visually to confirm radar readings. The telescope is no longer extant.</p><br>
<p>North of the receiving igloo are two small concrete foundations, their purpose is unknown.</p><br>
<p>The western (transmitting) igloo is approximately 10 m long x 6 m wide. The interior of the igloo is bare. Exit holes for the aerial cables are evidenced in the concrete floor. There is a small opening in the floor on the north-west corner (rear) of the igloo approximately 2 m long x.5 m wide. It contains modern rubbish.</p><br>
<p>To the west of the igloo are four square concrete foundations, approximately 1.5 m x 1.5 m, which are the foundations of the wooden tower, which housed the transmitting aerials.</p><br>
<p>Located in the middle of the tower foundations is a chest-height, concrete lined hole, the remains of another spotters post&#39;. Due to heavy grass cover this was not located during the 2000 survey.</p><br>
<p>Other infrastructure associated with the site including a smaller igloo situated at the base of the hill, which is believed to have contained a diesel alternator to power the station, were not located during the 2000 survey.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Radar Station, Charlie&#39;s Hill was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 February 2001 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The No 211 Radar Station, Charlies Hill a complex comprising two semi-circular igloos, spotters posts and tower foundations, is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history by representing the role it played in World War II fortifications in north Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The No 211 Radar Station, Charlie&#39;s Hill is a good example of defence facilities constructed in north Queensland and has the potential to yield further information about this aspect of Queensland history. It is one of a series of radar stations, which were constructed along the Queensland coastline to give the earliest possible warning of approaching enemy aircraft.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The station, in its design, layout and siting, demonstrates the principal characteristics of WWII military installations involved in the defence of the Queensland coastline.</p><br>
<p>Bishop&#39;s Lodge is a heritage-listed house at 13 St James Drive, Belgian Gardens, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Tunbridge & Tunbridge and built in 1897. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Bishop&#39;s Lodge was constructed in 1897 to the design of Tunbridge & Tunbridge, an important Townsville architectural firm, as the residence of the Anglican Bishops of North Queensland, it has continued as the official residence ever since.</p><br>
<p>Townsville was established in November, 1864 by partners John Melton Black and Robert Towns and was gazetted as a port of entry in 1865. It grew quickly as a supply centre and by 1873 the port was receiving international as well as coastal traffic. By 1880 Townsville was the port for several major goldfields and had opened the first stage of the Great Northern railway line westwards through Charters Towers and beyond, consolidating its importance as a port and mercantile centre.</p><br>
<p>Townsville was at first part of the Diocese of New South Wales. Although it is not known when the first Church of England services were held in the township, it is known that the first services were conducted in the Court House, which was built by March 1866. A Reverend Searle visited intermittently from Bowen and requested the appointment of an incumbent to the parish of Townsville. This was accepted by the Reverend James Adams. On 24 December 1872, land for a church was purchased at the foot of Melton Hill by trustees James Gordon, Frederick Walker and William Aplin and St James Church was constructed with a vicarage beside it. The church was opened on 1 October By 1877 a school, St James English Church School, was in operation and in 1878 the Diocese of North Queensland was created, with the new Bishop, George Henry Stanton, based in Townsville. There were 2 other Anglican churches, St Peters at West End and St Johns at South Townsville. In 1883 Bishop Stanton selected land in the suburb of German Gardens (later renamed Belgian Gardens due to anti-German sentiment in World War I) for a bishop&#39;s residence. About the same time a movement began to erect St James Cathedral and the first stage of this was constructed between 1887 and 1892.</p><br>
<p>Presumably because the building of the cathedral took precedence, the bishop&#39;s residence was not begun until the next bishop, Christopher Barlow, was installed, having arrived in 1891. The lodge was constructed in 1897 to the design of the well known Townsville architectural firm of Tunbridge and Tunbridge. Walter Howard Tunbridge was born and trained as an architect in England. In 1884 he migrated to Australia and worked for Rooney Bros in Townsville. He left to establish his own practice in 1886 and invited his younger brother, Oliver, to join him in 1887, founding the partnership of Tunbridge and Tunbridge, who were to become an important architectural and civil engineering firm in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Of the bishops who have resided at the Lodge, John Oliver Feetham is particularly well known, partly because of his 35 years in office. Feetham was an attractive and eccentric personality, born in England in 1873 as the son of a vicar. Intelligent and well-educated himself, he took an interest in the provision of education which was to be a focus for much of his work in North Queensland. Before becoming ordained, he carried out a lay ministry for 18 months in the slums of London, an influence that remained with him for life. Feetham came to Australia in 1904 as a principal of the Brotherhood of the Good Shepherd. A strong belief in the value of the work being done by the Brotherhood to spread religion in the outback and a care for its people were distinctive marks of his episcopate. He was unanimously elected to the See in 1912.</p><br>
<p>Feetham died in his bed on the verandah of the Bishop&#39;s Lodge on 14 September 1947. In the 1960s he was designated by the Synod of the Diocese of North Queensland for liturgical commemoration and styled "Blessed John Oliver Feetham". In the 1970s a memorial chapel was established on the verandah where he died.</p><br>
<p>The Lodge, like many buildings in Townsville, has suffered damage from cyclones, notably in Cyclone Leonta in 1903 and Cyclone Anne in 1971, followed by extensive repair work. In the 1970s a bathroom was added on the south west verandah and the Feetham chapel was created on the north east verandah by glassing in this area. This has preserved a view across Cleveland Bay seen beyond the altar of the chapel.</p><br>
<p>During the 1970s, a considerable portion of the Lodge&#39;s land was subdivided. The house is still the official residence of the Bishops of North Queensland.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bishop&#39;s Lodge is a large timber building situated on an exposed northerly ridge of Castle Hill. The ground falls away from the house on three sides and the Lodge is visible from the surrounding suburb and from the sea. In turn the house has splendid views of Cleveland Bay towards Magnetic Island from its verandah.</p><br>
<p>The architect has used this position to advantage, creating a striking house which is a flamboyant blend of Victorian Gothic and vernacular architecture; perhaps appropriate for an English church transplanted to tropical Australia. It also responds well to the climate with wide verandahs right around the house to obtain the best of both breeze and view. A terrace at the front of the house has a lawn with trees and flowering shrubs.</p><br>
<p>Bishop&#39;s Lodge is symmetrical and roughly U-shaped in plan, enclosing a courtyard at the rear. It is set on low stumps and has steeply pitched gabled roofs clad in corrugated iron and topped with large decorative ventilators. In form it consists of two large wings parallel to each other and linked by a transverse section at the front. A wide passage through the centre of the building serves as a breezeway linking the front and rear verandahs, and effectively divides the house into two parts, with bedrooms on one side and living areas on the other.</p><br>
<p>The front elevation is dominated by the ends of the high twin gables. These extend across the verandah and are supported by decorative bracketed posts, creating two bays between which the central section runs. This has a lower roofline and a single ventilator in the centre of the ridge. At the centre of this section is a small gable forming an entrance porch. All three gables are decorated with timber bands placed to resemble half timbering. The central gable is surmounted by a cross.</p><br>
<p>The verandahs at the sides and centre front are also supported decorated timber posts and those at the front corners of the building have clusters of bracketed posts. The verandah balustrades are composed of wooden dowels. A modern metal security gate has been installed in the front porch.</p><br>
<p>The courtyard area has been developed as a covered greenhouse linked to the wide verandahs around the courtyard. Attached to the house by a covered way is a separate timber building, also with exterior studding. The building is raised on concrete stumps and has a gabled roof clad in corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>A modern concrete garage has been constructed to the rear of the house.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Bishop&#39;s Lodge was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Bishop&#39;s Lodge, as the first and subsequent, purpose-built, residence for the Anglican Bishop of North Queensland, is important in demonstrating the pattern of establishment and growth of the Anglican Church in North Queensland in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Lodge has aesthetic value as a good example of a high quality, well detailed and fashionable residence of its era and was designed by one of North Queensland &#39;s leading architectural firms.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Bishop&#39;s Lodge is closely associated with the life and work of the Blessed John Oliver Feetham, Anglican Bishop of North Queensland 1913-47. It is also associated with the important North Queensland architectural firm of Tunbridge and Tunbridge.</p><br>
<p>Colonial Hall is a historic mansion in Oliver Springs, Tennessee, USA.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The two-story house was completed prior to 1799. It is the oldest house in Oliver Springs. It was built for Major Moses C. Winters.</p><br>
<p>In 1852, the house was purchased by Joseph Estabrook, who served as the fifth president of the University of Tennessee. It was later purchased by Major John Scott, followed by Eliza Gerding Hannah McFerrin, an heiress to coal mines, the widow of Confederate Major John Harvey Hannah and future wife of Dr. R. A. McFerrin, in 1886. The McFerrins lived here with their two sons, General Harvey H. Hannah and Gerald Gerding Hannah, and their daughter, Bernice McFerrin. They added a front porch in 1898. The house was inherited by their daughter, who married Lewis Vaughan Blanton.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since September 11, 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Union Meeting House, also known as the Whiting Community Church, is a historic church building at 153 United States Route 1 in Whiting, Maine. Built in 1836, it is a distinctive local example of transitional Federal-Greek Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Union Meeting House stands in the center of the rural village of Whiting, on the north side of the three-way junction of US 1 and Maine State Route 189. It is a single story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof, clapboard siding, and a foundation of ornamental concrete blocks. The roof is topped by an open belfry with a pyramidal roof that has a spire that is a sculpted metal fish. The main facade is three bays wide, with a center entrance flanked by sash windows, and a fully pedimented gable above, in which there is an arched panel at the center. The entrance is framed by pilasters and topped by an entablature and cornice. The interior of the building has a vestibule area, from which narrow stairs wind to the gallery on one side, and a center double door leads into the sanctuary. The sanctuary has a coved ceiling finished in pressed tin, which extends down the walls to wainscoting. The floors are wide pine, and there are three banks of bench pews.</p><br>
<p>The church was built in 1836 by a union committee of two different Christian congregations, and has a basic Federal-period form, with a few added Greek Revival details, such as the fully pedimented gable. Churches of this period are rare in eastern Maine, and this one is a particularly well preserved instance. It underwent an interior remodeling in 1886, and again in 1904, when it is likely that the belfry and pressed tin finishes were added. A heating system was added in the 1960s, altering the configuration of the vestibule, but these changes have been reversed. Due to declining attendance of the congregations, the union committee deeded the building to the town in 2012.</p><br>
<p>The Westminster Terrace Historic District encompasses a locally architecturally distinctive residential area on Westminster Terrace in Bellows Falls  and Westminster, Vermont. First developed between about 1880 and 1910, the neighborhood has high-quality late 19th-century homes, interspersed with later mid-20th century development. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Westminster Terrace is geographically sited on a terrace overlooking the mouth of the Saxtons River, where it empties into the Connecticut River just below Bellows Falls, Vermont. The terrace is separated from the surrounding roads and properties (principally Westmminster Road, a major north-south artery) by steep terrain. The southernmost properties located on the terrace are across the town line in Westminster. The northern end of the district abuts the Bellows Falls Neighborhood Historic District. The terrace is occupied by 24 primary residential structures and a number of outbuildings. Most of these are large 2-1/2 story wood frame buildings in architectural styles popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, while there are also a number of mid-20th-century single-story ranch houses, which exemplify the shift in character of the area over time.</p><br>
<p>The terraces initial use, by settlers in the early 18th century, was as farmland. In 1827 a pair of handsome Greek Revival mansions were built near its northern end, where the Rockingham Hospital stands today. Beginning in 1880, the terraces principal owner, a farmer named Edward Bancroft, began selling off the land for development. Early deed restrictions mandated minimum house values, sizes, and had ownership and occupancy restrictions excluding African Americans and the Irish. Development of the area as an upper-class enclave also prompted calls for a redrawing of municipal boundaries, in order to unite the area. In the first wave of building, a number of handsome Queen Anne style houses were erected, followed in the early 20th century by similarly sized buildings with Colonial Revival features. In the 1950s a number of the larger parcels were subdivided to permit the construction of the more modest ranch houses that stand in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Las Haldas or Las Aldas is a large archaeological complex from before and during the initial ceramic period  of Peru. Las Haldas is located on the Pacific coast approximately 300 km north of Lima and about 20 km south of the Casma river valley, noted for the extensive ruins of the Casma/Sechin culture. Las Haldas, a coastal community, coexisted with the inland agricultural communities in the Casma River Valley for most of its history.</p><br>
<p>Distinguishing characteristics of Las Haldas are both its size and age as one of the earliest ruins of the ceramic period, its dependence upon maritime resources for subsistence, the lack of agriculture, and its distance from any source of fresh water.</p><br>
<p>Las Haldas is in a coastal area in which are found the oldest known civilizations of the Americas. The Casma valley archaeological sites are a few miles north and the Norte Chico civilization is about 60 mi to the south.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and description</h2><br>
<p>Las Haldas was discovered in 1956 and has since been studied by many archaeologists. It was not discovered earlier because of its unlikely location, far from sources of fresh water and land which could be irrigated for agriculture. Las Haldas is located on a terrace near but above the rocky coastline of the ocean at an elevation of about 120 ft. The area around Las Haldas is nearly devoid of vegetation. This coastal area near receives less than 1 in of precipitation annually.</p><br>
<p>The ruins cover about 40 hectare, consisting of a 370-meter (400 yards) long, U-shaped central area with a large mound at one end and four slightly-elevated plazas. The largest of the plazas has a circular court. Around the central area are 18 additional smaller mounds, each with its plaza and one with another circular court. Residential areas are found to either side of the monumental ruins.</p><br>
<p>Las Haldas is isolated from other contemporary archaeological sites, the nearest being the inland agricultural sites in the Casma River valley 12 mi to the north which is also the nearest source of fresh water. Throughout its history, Las Haldas probably traded maritime products to the Casma River settlements for agricultural products. Agricultural products collected at Las Haldas include cotton, beans, including lima beans, potatoes, chile peppers, and lucuma (a tropical fruit still popular in Peru). All of these products were probably imported from the Casma River valley. Interestingly, maize has not been found at Las Haldas although it was being grown at this time in Peru.</p><br>
<h2>Dating and influence</h2><br>
<p>The ruins at Las Haldas primarily date from the Initial Ceramic Period of 1800 BCE to 1000 BCE. However, the site was occupied in the Late Pre-Ceramic Period from 3000 BCE to 1800 BCE and continued to be occupied in the Early Horizon Period of 1000 BCE to 200 BCE. Most of the monumental construction occurred during two phases, the first beginning about 2000 BCE and lasting 300 to 400 years and the second phase, relatively brief, beginning about 1400 BCE, during which time Las Haldas reached its apex as a community. Phase 2 construction appears to have been modeled on the Sechin Alto complex in the Casma River valley. In the Phase 2 period, architectural (and possibly political influence) of Las Haldas extended north to a weakening Sechin Alto and nearby coastal communities.</p><br>
<p>After 1000 BCE, Las Haldas was gradually abandoned as the importance of irrigation agriculture grew and coastal settlements became smaller and subsidiary to inland agricultural communities in river valleys.</p><br>
<h2>The maritime theory</h2><br>
<p>It has long been an article of faith by scholars that the rise of civilization was based on intensive agriculture, particularly of at least one cereal. The production of agricultural surpluses is seen as essential in promoting population density and the emergence of complex society. Anthropologist Michael E. Moseley challenged this view in the 1970s, asserting that the earliest civilizations in Peru were based not on agriculture, but on exploitation of the rich maritime resources of the Peruvian coastline at sites such as Las Haldas which practiced little or no agriculture. Reinforcing Moseley&#39;s theory, Los Haldas, according to radiocarbon dating, appears to be older than many nearby inland agricultural sites in the Casma and Sechin Valleys.</p><br>
<p>Investigations and earlier dating of other sites, notably nearby Sechin Bajo, have called Moseley&#39;s hypothesis into question, but in 2004 he still maintained that perhaps "Peruvian fisherman can be credited for creating the earliest civilizations in the Americas."</p><br>
<h2>Water</h2><br>
<p>Given the distance to the nearest source of drinking water, Las Haldas would seem undesirable as a location for a settlement. Some anthropologists have argued that water wells must have existed near Las Haldas. The Pozorski&#39;s, a husband and wife team, argued to the contrary. Many early fishing settlements, they said, were located distant from sources of water because fish and shellfish resources are more abundant away from the fresh water near the mouths of coastal rivers. They also argued that the requirements for drinking water would be small given the mild temperatures and the water content of seafood and that much cooking could have been done with sea water. It was feasible, they claimed, for the inhabitants of Las Haldas to have hauled drinking water from the Casma Valley.</p><br>
<p>The Shimanek Bridge is a covered bridge near Scio in Linn County in the USA state of Oregon. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Thomas Creek – Shimanek Covered Bridge in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The bridge, 130 ft long, was completed in 1966. Replacing a similar structure severely damaged by the Columbus Day Storm of 1962, it is the fifth bridge at this location. The fourth bridge had been built in 1927, and the first is thought to have dated to 1861.</p><br>
<p>Carrying Richardson Gap Road, the bridge crosses Thomas Creek about 2 mi east of Scio. It is the longest covered bridge in Linn County and the newest. A county crew renovated the structure in 2002, repairing damage caused by a flood in 1996.</p><br>
<p>In November 2015, the bridge was closed for repairs after an inspection revealed "serious decay". Temporary repairs were expected to take weeks. More substantial repairs may not occur for up to two years, depending on funding.</p><br>
<p>The Gilkey Bridge is a covered bridge in Linn County in the USA state of Oregon. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Thomas Creek – Gilkey Covered Bridge in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Carrying Goar Road, the bridge crosses Thomas Creek about 3.5 mi southwest of Scio. Gilkey Bridge and a covered railroad bridge next to it crossed the creek at the former community of Gilkey.</p><br>
<p>Gilkey was a station on the Southern Pacific Railway line between Crabtree and Shelburn. The station, established in 1880, was named for Allen and William Gilkey. Allen Gilkey came to Oregon in the early 1850s and settled nearby.</p><br>
<p>The bridge, 120 ft long, was constructed in 1939. Damaged by an overloaded vehicle in 1997, it was closed for repairs, then reopened to traffic in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Předmostí  , situated in the north western part of Přerov, Moravia near the city districts Předmostí of Přerov, is an important Late Pleistocene Cro-Magnon hill site of Central Europe.</p><br>
<p>A fossil site at Předmostí is located near Přerov in the country Moravia of what is today the Czech Republic. The site was discovered in the late 19th century. Excavations were conducted between 1884 and 1930. As the original material was lost. The skeletal remains of the few dozen people from Předmostí are among the most important finds ever made of anatomically modern humans, and are accompanied by items from the Gravetian culture. A major restriction on the opportunities available for extracting information from this Upper Paleolitic population assemble, however, came with the irreparable damage done to the skeletal material during fire at Mikulov castle in the course of World War II. For many years, the only sources of scientific information relating to the assemblage available were two - volume work by Jindřich Matiegka (1934 and 1938) and casts made of the skulls of individuals Předmostí 3 and Předmostí 4, and the endokrania of individuals Předmostí 3, 4, 9 and 10, in the collection of Moravian Museum in Brno.</p><br>
<p>New excavations were conducted.</p><br>
<p>The Předmostí site appear to have been a living area with associated burial ground with some 20 burials, including 15 complete human interments, and portions of five others, representing either disturbed or secondary burials. Cannibalism has been suggested to explain the apparent subsequent disturbance, though it is not widely accepted. The non-human fossils are mostly mammoth. Many of the bones are heavily charred, indicating they were cooked. Other remains include fox, reindeer, ice-age horse, wolf, bear, wolverine, and hare. Remains of three dogs were also found, one of which had a mammoth bone in its mouth.</p><br>
<p>The Předmostí site is dated to between 24,000 and 27,000 years old. The people were essentially similar to the French Cro-Magnon finds. Though undoubtedly modern, they had robust features indicative of a big-game hunter lifestyle. They also share square eye socket openings found in the French material.</p><br>
<h2>History of research</h2><br>
<p>It was here that Jindřich Wankel, and shortly afterwards K.J. Maška himself, conducted their excavations. Two years after the words above were written, the endeavours of K.J. Maška – an amateur archeologist with a professional approach-were crowned by the discovery of human bones on an unprecedented scale, together with the first find of a human lower jaw made by Wankel in 1884 and the later finds of M. Kříž (1886) and K. Absolon (1929), there were the fossil human remains discovered at Předmostí.</p><br>
<p>Lancaster School is located in rural Keokuk County, Iowa, United States southeast of the county seat of Sigourney. It is the last public building in what was the former county seat of Lancaster. It occupies the ground that was the courthouse square. The school was one of six two-story buildings built by the county for educational purposes in the 1870s and early 1880s. They required two teachers, and were therefore more expensive to operate. This building was constructed in 1881 by Reynolds Bros. It replaced a school building that had been built further east in 1874. It is a two-story frame structure that measures 33 by. The pedimented entry faces the south, and there is a belfry above the gable. A single classroom is located on the northern two-thirds of both floors. The town of Lancaster at one time had 32 buildings, but it started to decline in the 20th century. Enrollment in the school was 119 in 1898, but fell to about thirty early in the 20th century. When it closed in 1964 there were 13 students enrolled, and by that time they only utilized the first floor. The former school building, one of the churches and a few houses are all that remain of Lancaster. The building has been used in subsequent years as a voting facility. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Bruce Goldfish Fisheries is located in rural Keokuk County, Iowa, United States east of the village of Thornburg. It was established in 1877 by Elgin K. Bruce, who had started raising goldfish in Pittsburgh in 1845. His son, E.K. Bruce, Jr., took over the business in 1900 and he had the 1½-story, frame, Queen Anne-Neoclassical style house completed in 1910.</p><br>
<p>At one time, the Bruce Goldfish Fisheries consisted of twenty-four ponds, nine windmills, two fish houses, a storage house, barn, garage and two cement tanks sunk in the ground. The tanks were used to display the fish for public tours, and to sort them before they were shipped. The heyday of the business was in the 1920s, shipping goldfish across the United States and around the world. Tariff protections were removed in 1933 and the American market was opened to less expensive Japanese fish. The effects of the Great Depression also led to the rapid decline of the business. E.K. Bruce, Jr. died in 1936 and the family tried to continue the operation, but it came to an end in the early 1940s. The Bruce family remained on the property until 1978. The house and some of the ponds remain on the property. The farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Range Hotel, Burial Ground and Camping Reserve site is a heritage-listed archeological site  at Page Road , Hervey Range, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. The hotel was built in 1865 to 1866. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 March 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Range Hotel, Burial Ground and Camping Reserve includes a section of the original route of the Hervey Range Road to Thorntons Gap, archaeological artefacts and a small burial ground associated with the former Range Hotel which was built in 1866, but is no longer extant. The Hervey Range Road was established c.1865-6 and extended from present day Townsville to Hervey Range at Thorntons Gap. At the base of the Hervey Range, at least one hotel was established in 1866 to service the increasing number of people and stock travelling along this early inland transportation route, and as a result a small community developed. In 1872, a camping reserve was also gazetted around the Range Hotel site to provide additional accommodation options. By the early 1880s, the introduction of the Great Northern railway to Charters Towers resulted in a reduction in traffic along the road. The Range Hotel closed in 1884 and the adjacent sections of the Hervey Range Road became obsolete and fell into disrepair following construction of a deviation to the south in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Settlement in north Queensland occurred comparatively late in the history of European occupation of Australia. The Kennedy District was the first region opened for settlement in north Queensland, and was officially proclaimed from 1 January 1861. The district comprised 51,000 square miles, extending to the north beyond present day Cardwell, west to the Great Dividing Range, and south beyond Mackay.</p><br>
<p>The year 1861 witnessed a rush of settlers and squatters to the new district to secure pastoral runs. By the end of the year, the best runs were selected with 454 applications lodged for over 31,000 square miles of land. The rapid expansion west into inland Queensland necessitated the development of suitable transportation routes. The first inland road was surveyed by John Melton Black and built by employees of Black and Co. (later Towns and Co.) under the supervision of Andrew Ball, with a subsidy of £500 from the Queensland Government. The road was blazed in 1865 and ran due west from the present day Townsville across the Bohle and Alice Rivers and up what was then known as the Dalrymple Range (later Hervey Range) at Thorntons Gap to places further west and to the gulf. It was the only access to inland areas during the early years of settlement in the region.</p><br>
<p>The road was just a track, with the only steep part being the pull up to Thorntons Gap. Despite the steepness of this part of the route, it was still the easiest road from the northern parts of Kennedy District to the sea then blazed. The roads in this period were hazardous, rough, potholed and boggy during the wet season.</p><br>
<p>Hotels and wayside inns appeared along the major routes, and licensed hotels were established along the Hervey Range Road. As it could take up to four days for a bullock team and wagon to travel from Townsville to the foot of the Hervey Range, and then a further day to climb the range to Thorntons Gap to the Eureka Hotel, a market for accommodations was identified. At least one hotel and inn was established at the foot of the range, the Range Hotel, which was erected in 1865-6. There may have also been another at the foot of the range, called The Gate Hotel, possibly built close to The Range Hotel, although little is known about this second hotel. Another hotel, the Eureka Hotel, was built at the summit of Thorntons Gap in 1865 at the time of the road construction.</p><br>
<p>The Range Hotel was built by James Edward Mead in c.1866. He is believed to have been the same person who tendered for the Heidelberg run on the Bowen River at Rockhampton in 1861, but never stocked it. Mead had originally applied for a licence for the Royal Oak, 25 miles from Cleveland Bay, but the hotel was named the Range when it was advertised in 1866 as being 20 miles from Townsville with two sitting rooms and six bedrooms. The Range Hotel was a long single storey timber structure with a gable roof and front rooms opening onto the verandah. The hotel was "very pleasantly situated" and "the proprietor has added to the natural beauty by planting some Leichhardt trees around the house which looked very graceful".</p><br>
<p>The second proprietor, Robert Williamson, was also a carrier and is said to have been the first person, along with John Melton Black, to have taken wagons through Thorntons Gap. A small community grew up around the hotel, which is known to have included a blacksmith shop owned by John McNeill, and a small burial ground.</p><br>
<p>In March 1866, a government gang started improving the road, although nothing was done to lessen the steepness of the ascent to Thorntons Gap. By December 1866, the road was being heavily used by carriers and travellers, and at times there could be 100 or more wagons strung out along the length of the road. In an attempt to recoup some of the cost of the road, the Department of Public Works installed a toll gate at the foot of the Range in 1867, adjacent to the Range Hotel. The cost to carriers regularly using the road was high - 3 shillings for a two-wheeled dray or wagon, drawn by three or four horses, or four bullocks - prompting teamsters to find an alternate route inland. By the following year, the toll on Hervey Range Road had been removed altogether, and it was again being used by carriers, teamsters and travellers journeying inland and on to the Gulf of Carpentaria. It became known as the Georgetown Road, and it remained the main road from Townsville to Georgetown into the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Gold was discovered near Charters Towers in late 1871 and in August 1872 the Charters Towers Goldfield was officially proclaimed. Following these discoveries, the Hervey Range Road also became an important transportation route for people journeying to and from these goldfields. In 1872, the area of land surrounding the Range Hotel and the road was also gazetted as a camping reserve. The camp is marked on Robert L. Jack&#39;s Geological Sketch Map of the District between Charters Towers Goldfields & the Coast produced in 1878 as "Camp III" and it shown situated adjacent One Mile Creek, a branch of the Black River. Although the introduction of the railway from Townsville to Charters Towers reduced traffic on the Hervey Range Road in the 1880s, it remained a vital link with cattle stations in the inland and northern regions of the district. The Range hotel finally closed in about 1884.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s, the road up the Hervey Range was upgraded using funds under a major unemployment relief scheme, allowing motor vehicle access to the top of the range for the first time since its construction in the 1860s. Thuringowa Shire Council regularly maintained the Hervey Range Road from the 1930s until it became obsolete with the construction of the Hervey Range Developmental Road in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>During the construction of the Greenvale Railway Line in the 1970s, the camping reserve was used as a camp site for Thiess Brothers workers employed on the line.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The camping reserve comprises some 464 hectares in the Hervey Range, approximately 36 km southwest of Townsville. The topography of the reserve is relatively flat. However, to the west of the reserve the gradient increases dramatically immediately to ascending the Hervey Range. The reserve is bisected by the former Hervey Range Road (now renamed Page Road), the Hervey Range Developmental Road, and more recently by high voltage electricity transmission lines.</p><br>
<p>Native and introduced vegetation dominates the area, with Moreton Bay ash (Corymbia tesselaris), Poplar gum (Eucalyptus alba), Blue gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis) and narrow leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra) being the most common species. There is a thick cover of grasses in the woodland understorey, comprising Black spear grass (Heteropogon sp.) and kangaroo grass (Themeda spp.). Cocky apple (Planchonia careya) and native Gardenia (Kailarsenia ochreata) are common woodland species in the area. Introduced species include Lantana sp., mango trees (Mangifera sp.) and Agave sp.</p><br>
<p>The former Hervey Range Road cuts through the reserve and continues to the top of the Hervey Range to Thorntons Gap. The route of the road is still clearly visible, particularly in the largely intact steep sections. There are some washed out sections on the climb up the range. The course of the road has changed little since its construction.</p><br>
<p>The Range Hotel is no longer extant. Archaeological artefacts, including late 19th century bottle glass and ceramics indicate the likely location of the hotel. Agave plants at this site may have been part of the hotel garden. A small burial ground is located some 150 metres south of the former Hervey Range Road and Range Hotel site. The graves are overgrown with lantana and spear grass. There are three ornate sandstone headstones of a type often found in North Queensland burials dating before c.1880. No maker&#39;s names are present although it is likely the headstones were imported from Brisbane with the inscriptions added locally. The lettering on the headstones has weathered and one is lying horizontal on the ground. Each grave is encircled by white-painted stones. The graves have been identified as follows:</p><br>
<p>1. Francis Earl, a local squatter who died of fever at the Range Hotel on 12 March 1866. The inscription reads:Sacred to the Memory of Francis John Earl Died at the Range Hotel On the 12th March 1866 Aged 25 years In the midst of life we are in death (verse illegible)2. Mary Langton, a mother of three small children under 4 years old, who committed suicide by taking poison at the age of 28 years. Her husband, John Langton, carried goods from Townsville to Dalrymple Township. The inscription reads:Sacred to the Memory of Mary Langton Who departed this life 6th December 1873 Aged 28 years The Lord giveth and the Lord taketh away Blessed by the name of the Lord3. John Henry Bell, a child of 4 years, who died of inflammation of the lungs in May 1879. His father, Charles, was a carrier and lived at Bellgrove on the Hervey Range Road. The inscription reads:In loving memory of John Henry Second son of Charles & Mark Ann Bell Born 14th January Died 11th May 1875The Langton and Earl headstones are aligned north-south about 8 m apart, with the Bell headstone between them, about 5 m northwest of the Langton headstone. The layout of the graves suggests that there may have been as many as five plots between the Langton and Earl burials and three rows of grave plots. The positions of the graves imply a possible original layout of at least 21 grave plots in three rows of seven. The graves were likely marked with wooden grave markers which have since been destroyed by fire, termites or fungal decay.</p><br>
<p>A dense concentration of archaeological material is located south of the former Hervey Range Road and the power transmission lines on the high bank of a creek. Some material is eroding into the creek bed. The surface artefacts are visible in a 20m2 area, although low visibility due to vegetation cover obscures the full extent of the site. Artefacts include glass bottle fragments and patterned ceramic fragments datable to the 19th century. This may be associated with a potential second hotel situated at the site. An old softwood tree (possibly Terminalia sp.) situated in the middle of this area bears a rectangular-shaped blaze on its trunk, measuring 60 cm x 30 cm.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the Thiess Brothers camp in this area comprise wooden stumps, posts, concrete slabs, an old telephone line and a concrete explosives magazine. These remains represent another phase in the history and development of the camping reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Range Hotel site was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 March 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The site have potential to reveal important information on aspects of Queensland&#39;s history, including early road construction techniques, early transport and communications, the development of a small, isolated community, and the earliest residents of the region. Features identified within the place include a section of the original Hervey Range Road to Thorntons Gap, the remains of the former Range Hotel, one of the earliest hotels and inns established in the region (c.1866), and an historical burial ground.</p><br>
<p>The old Hervey Range Road is important in demonstrating early communication patterns in the Townsville region. The road is one of the few surviving examples of a roadway dating from early European settlement in the region and was the initial route inland from the port of Townsville to the hinterland areas. The camping reserve provided a resting place for travelers and livestock using the road between 1864 and the 1970s. The route of the road remains clearly identifiable within the camping reserve and beyond where it climbs up the Hervey Range.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological surveys of the section of the old Hervey Range Road (now known as Page Road) have the potential to reveal important information about early road construction techniques. The remains of the original route comprises one of only a few surviving examples of a roadway from the earliest European settlement period in north Queensland. The route of the road is still clearly identifiable in parts though additional archaeological investigations will aid the documentation of previously poorly understood changes to this once important transportation route.</p><br>
<p>The site has potential to reveal important information relating to the development and survival of a small community during the period of early settlement in north Queensland. There is archaeological potential for substantial remains of the former Range Hotel and an associated settlement to be located near the site of the identified bottle dump and burial grounds. Little is known of the composition of this small, ad-hoc settlement, other than that it also included a blacksmith.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological investigations of the former hotel sites within the camping reserve have potential to reveal important information relating to the operation of, and custom of, early frontier hotels and lodgings. Analysis of materials from the former Range Hotel, and the speculated existence of a second hotel called The Gate Hotel, will help comparative analysis with other early frontier hotels situated along this and other important transport and communications corridors. Analysis of archaeological artefacts will help inform on the Eureka Hotel, which is situated at the top of Hervey Range and linked to this place by the old Hervey Range Road, and provide important comparative data for the artefacts recovered from other early hotel sites across Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The burial ground adjacent to the former Range Hotel features one of the oldest extant headstones in the region, the grave of 24 year old Francis Earl, a local squatter who died of fever at the Range Hotel on 12 March 1866. The Range Hotel burial ground contains sandstone headstones that are highly characteristic of nineteenth century cemeteries in this region, with relatively ornate decoration typically found on graves dating from before c.1880. There is potential that the recorded burial ground contains additional graves (possibly as many as 21) which also date to the earliest European settlement of the Townsville region. Consequently, there is potential to provide new and important information that will contribute to our understanding of the early history and demography of settlement in the region, including but not limited to why burial grounds are found associated with hotels, why people were buried there and not in formal cemeteries, the patterning of burial grounds in the region.</p><br>
<p>The site have potential for archaeological deposits associated with travellers journeying to and from the Charters Towers Goldfields and inland pastoral properties. Analysis of these archaeological remains will provide important insights into the materials being transported and used by the diverse range of peoples transiting to and from the area since 1865, but especially to the Charters Towers Goldfields from 1872.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Complex is a heritage-listed fortification at Magnetic Island National Park, east side of Magnetic Island, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1943. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The fort complex was constructed in 1943 during World War II to protect the harbour and town from a feared Japanese invasion of Australia as Japanese forces moved south through the Pacific islands. Townsville was the major supply depot for Allied troops in the southeast Pacific and a staging post for troops moving north into the war zone.</p><br>
<p>The fortifications were armed with French 155mm M3 guns on Panama carriage mounts which were commonly used on a number of Pacific islands as coastal defence weapons. The four guns on Magnetic Island had been en route to Bhutan until it fell to the Japanese. They were redirected to Townsville to protect its vital port against the expected rapid advance of the Japanese. History shows that they were not needed and after the war the guns were returned to the American forces.</p><br>
<p>At this time the fort was stripped of its fittings and left to return to nature. With the establishment of the Magnetic Island National Park, the Queensland National Parks and Wildlife Service assumed control of the complex, installed information signs and pathways and now administers the area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The fort complex was built during 1943 on the eastern side of Magnetic Island between Horseshoe Bay and Arcadia Bay. It was anchored into granite boulders on a heavily timbered, mountainous point overlooking the Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<p>The site contains derelict concrete structures with some timber and concrete remnants of the fabric such as the water pipeline, command post, searchlight tower, ammunition store, radar station, signal station, gun sites and direction finder. The remainder of the accommodation area can be seen in the form of concrete slabs on flat land near the pathway to the fort complex proper.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Fort Complex on Magnetic Island was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>This is a significant site which highlights the role of Townsville and the region in the Allied struggle to protect Australia from the advancing Japanese forces during the crucial war years of 1942-43.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Its significance is further highlighted because this site, together with those at Kissing Point, Townsville and on Cape Marlow at Pallarenda, are rare wartime fortifications of unique value.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>Its construction on a rugged headland and the installation of the hugh guns were wartime engineering achievements of some magnitude.</p><br>
<p>Inka Qhamachu , Hispanicized names Inca Camacho, Incacamachi) is a 4,792 m mountain in the Andes of Bolivia. It is located in the Oruro Department, Litoral Province, Huachacalla Municipality. Inka Qhamachu lies southeast of Pacha Qullu, southeast of the village of Huachacalla .</p><br>
<p>Inka Qhamachu is part of the Altiplano, an area of the Andes lying at altitudes of 3,600 -. The Altiplano has been affected by volcanic activity. Most of it including Inka Qhamachu is extinct, but in the Western Cordillera volcanic activity persists at Cerro Quemado, Guallatiri, Parinacota, Sajama and Tata Sabaya.</p><br>
<p>Inka Qhamachu is a Pliocene age volcano, which rises from an altitude of 3,700 m. Its slopes range 11–16°, formed by lava flows and pyroclastic material. Erosion has carved radial gullies into its flanks, at whose ends alluvial fans have formed. Based on the degree of erosion, an age of 7.5 million years has been estimated. The volume of the edifice once was about 50.9 km3.</p><br>
<p>Temperatures in the closely located city of Oruro range 4 -, and precipitation is 400 -. The area is very windy. This climate has led to a xerophytic vegetation, including shrubs and tussock grass.</p><br>
<p>The George Ulmer House is a historic house at 3 South Cobbtown Road in Lincolnville, Maine. Built in 1799, it was the largest and most elaborate house in the area at the time. It was built for George Ulmer, who oversaw the rise and fall of a small business empire on the adjacent Ducktrap River between 1784 and 1812. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Ulmer House stands at the northeast corner of South Cobbtown Road and United States Route 1, just east of the Ducktrap River north of the village of Lincolnville. Sited on a rise above and back from US 1, it is an imposing presence, with views down the river to Penobscot Bay. It is a two story wood frame structure, with a five bay facade, hip roof, clapboard siding, and stone foundation. The main entrance is at the center of the south-facing facade, sheltered by a hip-roofed porch that extends across the two flanking bays. A secondary entrance is located in a projecting vestibule on the west side. The interior retains original plaster and woodwork, including a high quality central hall staircase. The interior was divided into two units for many years, resulting in some loss of historic integrity.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1799 for George Ulmer, who was then one of the wealthiest men in Hancock County (the area was separated to form Waldo County in 1827). Ulmer was politically well connected, serving as land agent for Henry Knox, and was able to leverage connections to financiers in Boston, Massachusetts to build a small lumber-driven empire on land he acquired from Knox at a discount in exchange for his services. Ulmer used the power he held as land agent (Knox was in the 1790s the areas largest landowner) to his own benefit, but was also seen with disfavor by the areas smaller landholders, who took offense at his and Knoxs business practices. In several instances acts of vandalism against his business premises resulted in direct financial losses, and his first mansion, built in 1796, was destroyed by fire whose origin is uncertain. Ulmers finances began to collapse when his mills were destroyed by spring flooding in 1807, with the replacement mills also destroyed the following December. Ulmer lost his house, to foreclosure in 1812.</p><br>
<p>Ulmer&#39;s house was converted into two family not long after he lost it, and remained that way until 1999, when a new owner reintegrated the two sides. It is unclear whether differences in the styling of some of the upstairs rooms are the result of changes made by later owners, or if they were left unfinished by Ulmer due to his growing financial problems.</p><br>
<p>The William Donnell Crooker House is an historic house at 71 South Street in Bath, Maine, United States. Built in 1850 by the prominent local builder and designer Isaac D. Cole, it is a distinctive example of late Greek Revival architecture. The Crooker family was involved with Bath&#39;s shipbuilding industry. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in July 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Crooker House stands at the northwest corner of South and Middle Streets, in what was in the mid-19th century a fashionable upland neighborhood on the Bath&#39;s south side. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof, clapboard siding, and ells extending the main block to the north side. The house is oriented facing east (toward Middle Street), and has a two-story colonnade of fluted Corinthian columns across its five-bay front facade. The main entrance is in the center bay, flanked by sidelight windows, and there is a glass door with flanking sidelights above it on the second floor, giving access to a wrought iron balcony. The main block is encircled by an entablature, and there are gabled dormers in both roof faces, featuring fully pedimented gables and three-part Palladian windows.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1850 by Isaac D. Cole, a prominent local builder and architect. The house is distinctive among high-style Greek Revival houses in Maine for the use of Corinthian columns, and for their placement on the roof side of the house instead of the gable. It was built for William D. Crooker, whose family was prominent in local businesses, operating a shipyard and merchant ships as well as lumber interests.</p><br>
<p>Picnic Bay Jetty is a heritage-listed jetty at Esplanade, Picnic Bay, Magnetic Island, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1959 to 1977. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 April 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Picnic Bay Jetty appears to be the third jetty constructed on the site. A permit to construct the facility was issued in 1957 and the structure was completed about mid October 1959. The present jetty was constructed under a permit issued by the Queensland Department of Harbours and Marine. It was built using Federal funds and leased to Magnetic Island company Hayles Magnetic Pty Ltd. The company was associated with tourist ventures on Magnetic Island from 1898 and leased the present jetty from 1960 until 1981.</p><br>
<p>Tourism on Magnetic Island began with the Butler family who first settled on the Island in 1877. Harry Butler and his family established a small dairy, orchard and mixed farm in Picnic Bay. The family experimented with the planting of pineapples and after building small huts adjacent to their house the island became a favourite weekend and holiday destination for mainland people. The Butler family established an intermittent ferry service at the time they began their small tourist venture. Tourist development on the island began in earnest when Robert Hayles built an hotel at Picnic Bay in 1899. Hayles arrived on the Island in 1898 after working in the pastoral and mining industries in western Queensland. Later he owned a store and a hotel in Charters Towers. In 1898 Robert Hayles purchased the holiday facilities erected by the Butler family and constructed a two-storey hotel, dance hall and his own jetty west of that constructed by Harry Butler and close to the site of the present day jetty.</p><br>
<p>In March 1900 Robert Hayles applied for permission to construct a wooden jetty which would be six feet wide and 100 feet long. Construction was approved by the Marine Department late in March 1900. The new jetty was damaged during Cyclone Leonta in 1903 and by 1910 was in poor condition. Correspondence indicates that Robert Hayles carried out extensive repairs to the structure.</p><br>
<p>Initially, on the mainland, the company operated from existing wharves and temporary landings in Ross Creek. In 1909 Robert Hayles was granted creek frontage on which to build a landing depot. A new twenty-year lease agreement, granting the Hayles Company a 30-foot Flinders Street frontage to Ross Creek for the construction of another depot, was signed in 1925.</p><br>
<p>To facilitate his tourism venture Robert Hayles began a program of purchase or construction of small ferries. His first purchase, from Sydney, was a small steam ferry called the Bee. After the Bee was destroyed in a storm in 1901 Robert Hayles commissioned the construction of the 22 passenger Phoenix and later the Magnet. These boats were to be the foundation of a much larger Hayles fleet that eventually operated in places such as Cairns, Darwin, Townsville, Sydney and Canberra.</p><br>
<p>The introduction of a ferry service to Magnetic Island had a significant impact on the Island community. This was particularly so after the 1900 enforcement of compulsory education (first introduced in the Education Act 1875). The establishment of a regular Magnetic Island ferry service early in the twentieth century ensured that students could live on the island and travel to school each day. From this point the permanent population on the Island began to grow and more commercial businesses were established.</p><br>
<p>The Hayles family tourism business continued to prosper and on 20 June 1910 Eustace Robert (Bob) Hayles was granted a permit to construct a jetty at Picnic Bay. While it is possible that this permit was for a second jetty it is unlikely that the Hayles Company waited six years to replace the jetty damaged in the 1903 cyclone.</p><br>
<p>A letter dated 1 February 1917 from the Townsville Harbour Board to the Marine Department indicated that there were two jetties at Picnic Bay and one at Nelly Bay. These privately owned jetties were in poor condition and the Harbour Board suggested that no further private construction of landing stages should be allowed on the Island.</p><br>
<p>The Hayles&#39; tourism business prospered and expanded. A new hotel was constructed at Picnic Bay after the first was destroyed by fire in 1911; a guesthouse and jetty were constructed at Arcadia, Magnetic Island together with tourism ventures at Nelly and Horseshoe Bays, Magnetic Island. On 13 March 1922 the Hayles Company, Hayles Magnetic Island Pty Ltd, was formed with Bob Hayles appointed as Chairperson. The company expanded to Cairns in 1924 where they provided a regular mail and cargo service between Cairns and Cooktown. The same year the company opened an office in Darwin. From there they provided a cargo service to outlying mission stations, lighthouses and to settlements along the Victoria and Daly Rivers. In August 1920 control of the Magnetic Island foreshore was vested in the Townsville Harbour Board. While this move gave control of jetties to the Harbour Board, the Board, in June 1925, adopted a policy not to erect jetties on Magnetic Island but rather to approve the erection of shipping facilities by private developers.</p><br>
<p>While the Hayles family company continued to expand with a fortnightly Cairns to Green Island Service opened in 1928 and the introduction of Brisbane River Cruises in 1936 the outbreak of World War II in 1939 saw shipping operations cease when the Australian military requisitioned the company fleet. The facilities at Picnic Bay were also taken over as a rest and recreation camp for service personnel.</p><br>
<p>There was a period of expansion and upgrading of facilities after the company property was returned to the Hayles family in 1945. Roads, buildings and jetties were upgrades and access to jetties dredged both on Magnetic Island and in other locations. In 1957 the Townsville Harbour Board approved the construction a new jetty at Picnic Bay. Tenders were called on 15 January 1959 and the jetty, constructed by John Holland (Constructions) Pty Ltd, was completed about mid October 1959.</p><br>
<p>The Commonwealth Aid Marine Works Trust Fund, at a cost of £43,000, financed construction. It was leased to Hayles Magnetic for 20 years during which time the company was responsible for the maintenance of the structure. The shelter shed at the end of the jetty was constructed under a Community Employment Program through the Townsville City Council in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The jetty was damaged during Cyclone Althea on Christmas Eve 1971 but remained structurally sound. At the end of the lease in 1981 the Picnic Bay Jetty Maintenance Fund was established with Hayles Magnetic the major user of the facility. The Fund, which generated resources through the collection of berthing fees, provided income for jetty maintenance.</p><br>
<p>By 1984, although the company no longer had a lease on the jetty, it was berthing up to 3,640 times compared to 1,150 other berthings with a total of 250,000 to 300,000 people using the jetty annually.</p><br>
<p>In November 1985 the Townsville Harbour Board sought approval from the Department of Harbours and Marine to construct a shelter shed on the Jetty. Plans, prepared by the Townsville City Council, indicated that the original location of the structure was slightly altered to allow better access for passengers.</p><br>
<p>Apart from being a point of arrival and departure from the Island, the Jetty has always been a significant place for the Magnetic Island community. They have utilised it for fishing and as a place to walk for recreation or exercise and to sit looking across Cleveland Bay to the vista of Castle Hill and the Townsville skyline. The jetty is also frequently used as a mooring place for small yachts and fishing vessels.</p><br>
<p>In 2001 it was announced that when new harbour facilities at Nelly Bay, Magnetic Island were completed the Picnic Bay Jetty would be removed as soon as the structure became obsolete to requirements. The Magnetic Island Historical Association, the North Queensland Conservation Council and Magnetic Island community members became concerned about the proposed demolition of the jetty.</p><br>
<p>On Sunday 8 July 2001 1500 people from Townsville and Magnetic Island rallied on the Picnic Bay Jetty asking that the jetty be saved. This initial rally was followed by a series of news articles, letters to the Bulletin, letters to the Minister for Transport and a nomination to the Queensland Heritage Register.</p><br>
<p>Members of the Island community advised Townsville Cultural Heritage staff that they had already established an "Interim Management Committee" to oversee the ongoing care of the jetty if the Queensland Government was no longer prepared to maintain the structure.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The jetty is located within Picnic Bay. It extends into the Bay from the Esplanade where Yule Street meets the beach.</p><br>
<p>The jetty was initially 800 feet long; however, the 1977 extensions increased the length by about twenty feet.</p><br>
<p>160 square concrete piers, installed by a cantilever pile driver, are evenly spaced along the length of the jetty. Round piers encased in concrete were used in the construction of the assembly area at the end of the jetty.</p><br>
<p>The jetty structure is made up of round timber beams topped with wide timber decking. A raised walkway, which runs along one side of the jetty, has timber handrails along both sides. The remainder of the jetty is used as a driveway for luggage and emergency vehicles meeting the ferry. There is no safety rail along the outer side of the jetty.</p><br>
<p>The walkway is lit with six evenly spaced fluorescent lights. Lighting is also located in the shelter sheds at the end of the Jetty.</p><br>
<p>The sheltered area at the end of the Jetty is made up of three structures. One shed, which appears to be older, is a southeast facing skillion structure of corrugated iron. The north west wall is enclosed to provide shelter from the weather. A second shed is centrally located at the end of the Jetty. This square structure has a hipped roofline of aluminum. The covered area is split into four by central walls which have been painted with murals by children from Magnetic Island State School. Seats are located along each of these walls. A third sheltered area, which may have been part of an earlier shelter, is attached to the central structure. This area is the walkway to the main access stairway to the ferry.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Picnic Bay Jetty was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 April 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Picnic Bay Jetty, constructed by October 1959, is at least the third jetty constructed on this site. Leased by the Hayles Company in 1960 this jetty, and earlier jetties, has been linked with the Hayles family company on Magnetic Island since 1898.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The community values the Picnic Bay Jetty both for its contribution to the economic development of Magnetic Island as a significant tourist destination and for the jetty&#39;s role in the commercial, family and recreational life of the Island community. The importance of the jetty to the island community was recently demonstrated through the proposal to set up a management committee to assume responsibility for the structure once it becomes obsolete to requirements.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The present jetty is evidence of the significant contribution made by the Hayles Company, through the company&#39;s development of Magnetic Island as a major tourist location, to the Queensland tourism industry.</p><br>
<p>Selhurst is a heritage-listed detached house at 24 Cleveland Terrace, North Ward, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1919. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 May 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Selhurst, built in 1919 was probably designed by Townsville architect Walter Hunt. The house was commissioned by John Alexander Carpenter, Townsville manager for the Burns Philp Company, as his private residence.</p><br>
<p>James Burns established his general business in Townsville in 1872 after several years working on stations in southern Queensland and as an assistant and later partner in his brother John&#39;s grocery business, branches of which were located in Brisbane and Gympie. The Townsville store, opened in 1871, was established as a wholesale business to supply goods to the recently established gold field of Charters Towers and to Cape River, Ravenswood and later the Etheridge, Palmer and Hodgkinson River gold fields. Burns also provided a wholesale and retail service for the isolated stations in the interior.</p><br>
<p>Robert Philp, hired by Burns in 1874, became a partner in the business in 1876, prior to Burns moving to Sydney to open a branch of the company.</p><br>
<p>The company, incorporated in April 1883 as Burns, Philp and Company Limited, came to dominate trade in North Queensland and the Pacific through its land and sea interests. Its success was bound up in the booms in the mining, pastoral and sugar industries in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>During the early to mid 1880s the Burns Philp Company was involved in the Pacific Islander labour trade. Pacific islanders were imported as cheap indentured labour to work mainly on sugar plantations. In 1882 Philp, together with Burdekin plantation owner Colin Munro and other investors, formed the Townsville Shipping Co.Ltd. as a cover for recruiting South Sea Islander labourers. After the establishment of the company Burns Philp ships were openly dispatched on recruiting voyages. During 1883-84 the company had five ships working in the trade, however, they dropped out of the trade after two crew from a company ship Hopeful were found guilty of murder and the captain and crew were found guilty of kidnapping in 1884.</p><br>
<p>Despite the loss of the Pacific labour trade, by the 1890s there were branches of the business at Cairns, Charters Towers, Cooktown, Normanton, Burketown, Brisbane, Sydney and in the Pacific. At the same time Burns became a shipping agent for companies such as the Queensland Steam Shipping Company which had the mail contract from London via Singapore, Batavia, Thursday Island, Townsville to Sydney.</p><br>
<p>During his years in Townsville, Robert Philp developed an interest in politics through his involvement in the campaign to expand the railway to the west and through his participation in the movement to create a separate north Queensland state. He was elected to the Queensland Legislative Assembly in 1886 as the member for Musgrave, a constituency north of Townsville. Philp became member for Townsville in 1888, Premier in December 1899 and Premier again in 1907-1908. He remained in politics until 1915.</p><br>
<p>Management of the Townsville Branch of the firm passed to several managers after Philp entered politics. John Alexander Carpenter, who later transferred to Townsville, was a very successful manager of the Cairns Branch from 1907 to 1914. The Cairns Branch, during Carpenters time, became the biggest net earner of any branch in Australia. However, due to poor management and aggressive competition from firms such as Samuel Allen and Cummins & Campbell, the Townsville Branch slumped and John Alexander Carpenter was transferred to the Townsville office in June 1914. Carpenter purchased land on Melton Hill in North Ward on 22 October 1914. The property was transferred to his wife on 18 December 1916 and a year later the original house was destroyed by fire. The second house, Selhurst, was built in 1919 after the fire. While it is not known who designed and constructed the building it is possible that Townsville architect Walter Hunt was the architect. The house was sold to the Burns Philp Company, as a managers residence, after Alexander Carpenter was transferred to New Zealand as General Manager in 1919.</p><br>
<p>The house continued as the manager&#39;s residence until 1976 when Burns Philp sold its Townsville office.</p><br>
<p>It is important to note that from early settlement Melton Hill has been the location for residences for managerial staff, lawyers and doctors. The first house was built by John Melton Black, manager for Robert Towns c 1865. The Commonwealth Bank and Bank of New South Wales also built managers&#39; houses on the hill, as did several insurance companies and the Shell Oil Company. Jacob Leu of the law firm Roberts & Leu also constructed Warringa as his residence next door to Selhurst.</p><br>
<p>Apart from Selhurst, a number of significant villa residences from the nineteenth and early to mid twentieth century survive along Cleveland Terrace. These places include The Rocks - 1888, former McMahon House -, Mandalay -, Illawarra - 1911, Warringa - 1912, Duncragan - 1917, the former Shell Company manager&#39;s house -, and Former North house - 1940.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Situated almost atop Melton Hill, Selhurst faces east towards the Pacific Ocean and is placed close to the front of the block of land, on Cleveland Terrace.</p><br>
<p>Selhurst is a low set single storey residence with verandahs on three sides. The corrugated iron roof has a ventilated raised ridge capping with louvred screens at each end to assist internal cooling.</p><br>
<p>The house has a timber balustrade and a timber "skirt" down to the foundation. There are panelled doors at the front of Selhurst. The house has a central hall with rooms opening to either side and a small ballroom at the rear of the house which has been converted to a family room.</p><br>
<p>The house is constructed on a platform cut into the hillside. At the rear of the block, in the southeast corner, the land rises to a second level. The house is surrounded by gardens and includes a large rock wall and ivy hedge along the front of the yard. This wall is believed to be a remnant of an 1865 rock wall constructed by South Sea Island labourers as part of an enclosure which surrounded John Melton Black&#39;s property on Melton Hill.</p><br>
<p>Palm trees are scattered around the house giving it a tropical look. A white paling fence encloses the swimming pool and several ferns are intermingled with the palms and lawns in this area. Plans are in place to restore the rear garden. Selhurst is one of only three houses of a similar design remaining in Townsville. It is the only one of this specific design to have survived.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Selhurst was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 May 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Selhurst, constructed in 1919 as the manager&#39;s residence for Queensland shipping firm Burns Philp, is an important component of early North Queensland commercial history and is indicative of the significant contribution made by the company to the economic development of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>As an early North Queensland vernacular style residence, Selhurst is one of a number of significant villa residences along Cleveland Terrace. Together with Warringa and St James Cathedral, Selhurst makes a significant aesthetic contribution, through form, scale and materials to the Melton Hill streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The house, which served as the managers&#39; residence for the Burns Philp Company for fifty-seven years, is thought to be an example of the work of Townsville architect Walter Hunt.</p><br>
<p>The Schwyz Alps  are a mountain range in Switzerland. They form part of the North-Eastern Swiss Alps and are bordered by the Glarus Alps to the east, the Appenzell Alps to the north-east, the Emmental Alps in the west, and the Uri Alps to the south-west. The Klausen Pass is the highest point between the Schwyz Alps and the Glarus Alps.</p><br>
<p>The Schwyzer Alps extend beyond the boundaries of the canton of Schwyz, including parts of the cantons of Glarus, Luzern, Uri and Zug. The highest point in the Schwyzer Alps is the Glärnisch, at an elevation of 2,915 m, which actually lies within the canton of Glarus. Just south of the Glärnisch is the Bös Fulen, the highest point in the canton of Schwyz.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Principal summits</h3><br>
<p>The principal summits of the Schwyzer Alps are:</p><br>
<p>Kızılada, aka Kızıl Ada, is a Turkish island in the Mediterranean Sea situated in the Fethiye Bay, southwestern Turkey. It is 4 mi off the coast of Fethiye district in Muğla Province.</p><br>
<p>The island hosts also the 19-century Kızılada Lighthouse on its southern point, which was redevelopped into a seafood restaurant in 2007 and a hostel with nine rooms in 2008. Kızılada is a popular stopover for boat tours around Fethiye.</p><br>
<h2>Aviation accident</h2><br>
<p>In the early hours of August 3, 1953, Air France Flight 152 en route Beirut, Lebanon from Rome, Italy made an emergency water landing in the Gulf of Fethiye 2 km off the island after losing an engine inflight. With the help of the keeper of the Kızılada Lighthouse, customs officials and fishermen, 38 people of the 8 aircrew and 34 passengers on board of the aircraft of type Lockheed L-749A Constellation</p><br>
<p>survived the accident while four elderly passengers died by drowning. The location of the aircraft&#39;s wreck underwater remains still unknown.</p><br>
<h2>Forestry</h2><br>
<p>Named after its reddish-brown (kızıl) appearance, the island was forested again in 2014 with about 5,000 saplings of Turkish pine (Pinus brutia), laurel (Laurus nobilis), carob (Ceratonia siliqua) and Turkish sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis). After plantation, the saplings were treated with banishing chemicals to protect them from wild goat (Capra aegagrus) and hare (Lepus) living on the island.</p><br>
<p>The forested area makes out around 40% of the island, which is covered by scrub vegetation.</p><br>
<p>The Bradford Farm Historic District encompasses a historic farm property in Patten, Maine. Located on the west side of Maine State Route 11 on the north side of the village center, it includes a nearly-intact farm complex, with buildings dating from the 1840s to the 20th century. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. The farmhouse is now the Bradford House Bed and Breakfast.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Patten is located in the remote interior of Maine, in northern Penobscot County. The Bradford Farm complex occupies about 16 acre just north of the village center. The main complex is located on the west side of Maine State Route 11, the main north-south route through the county, and the associated farmlands extend west and north to Maine State Route 159, which provides access to the northern end of Baxter State Park. The main feature of the farm complex is its 19th-century connected farmstead, which includes a c. 1845 Greek Revival house, connected via ells to a barn complex, whose oldest element is an English barn of similar vintage. Other buildings include a 19th-century potato house and wagon shed.</p><br>
<p>The township that became Patten was first settled in the 1830s, and Patten was incorporated in 1841. The Bradford Farm property, originally a full lot of 160 acre, was first owned by David Haynes, who is credited with building the earliest portions of the extant complex. The property was purchased in 1893 by Ezekiel Bradford, whose family worked the land for 105 years. The Bradfords operated the property primarily as a dairy farm, adding and extending buildings to meet a variety of needs. In 1998 the farmhouse was converted into a bed and breakfast inn.</p><br>
<p>The Wheelock House is a historic house at 1096 Vermont Route 30 in Townshend, Vermont. Built in stages in the mid-19th century, it exhibits an unusual combination of Greek Revival and southern Gothic Revival features that is not otherwise known in Vermont. It is also possible that parts of the house were built using slave labor, an extremely rare occurrence in the state. The property, which now houses an art gallery, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Wheelock House is located in southern Townshend, on the east side of Vermont Route 30 about 1 mi south of the village center. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof, clapboard siding, two interior brick chimneys, and a granite foundation. It is set on a rise overlooking the road and the nearby West River. The corners of the building have paneled pilasters with molded capitals, rising to a narrow modillioned frieze. A single-story porch extends across the center three bays of the main facade, supported by octagonal tapered columns rising to a richly carved entablature. The main entrance is framed by sidelight and transom windows. The interior retains original plaster and woodwork of high quality, including a straight-run central staircase whose railings run continuously up to the attic level.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the house is believed to be its kitchen ell, which was probably built about 1820 by a member of the Wood family, who had owned the property since 1779. In 1839 the property was sold to Caleb Wheelock, whose son Allen is credited with construction of the major portion of the house in the late 1850s. Allen Wheelock spent several years in Natchez, Mississippi, where he administered an estate and apparently acquired significant wealth, including four slaves. The house incorporates some design features and building practices that are more typical of the South than they are of Vermont, and some of its decorative materials (notably the porch columns) may have been brought north. Local folklore includes unconfirmed stories that the Wheelock slaves were involved in its construction.</p><br>
<p>The Slims River  was a glacially fed river in the Canadian territory of Yukon. Until 2016, it originated in the Kaskawulsh Glacier, then ran approximately 15 mi  into the southern terminus of Kluane Lake.</p><br>
<p>Over the course of a few days in the spring of 2016 the flow of the river was changed. Where the meltwater of the Kaskawulsh Glacier had been draining in two directions now it was all draining into the south-flowing Alsek River, and further on into the Gulf of Alaska, drastically reducing the size of the Slims. Researchers attributed the change in flow to manmade climate change; this was the first time manmade climate change was implicated in the reorganization of a river.</p><br>
<p>The Slims River was purportedly named after a pack horse that drowned while attempting to ford the stream during the 1903 Kluane gold rush. It is crossed by the Alaska Highway at Mile 1065 (Kilometer 1704) just south of its confluence with the lake.</p><br>
<p>Chestnut Hill  is a low mountain in Northampton County, Pennsylvania. The main peak rises to 722 ft, and is located in Forks Township; the southern slopes extend into the City of Easton where it is known as College Hill in allusion to Lafayette College.</p><br>
<p>Chestnut Hill overlooks the Delaware River, and, with Marble Mountain on the New Jersey side, forms Weygadt Gap or the Little Water Gap. The cliff overlooking Weygadt Gap is known as St. Anthony&#39;s Nose. Chestnut Hill adjoins the Great Appalachian Valley to the north at Frost Hollow.</p><br>
<p>It is part of the Reading Prong of the Appalachian Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Toponymy</h2><br>
<p>Chestnut hill is named for the American chestnut tree, once prevalent in the area.</p><br>
<p>The North Fork of the Yachats Bridge is a covered bridge in Lincoln County in the USA state of Oregon. The bridge carries North Fork Yachats River Road over the north fork of the Yachats River, about 9 mi northeast  of Yachats and the Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<p>Otis Hamer, a veteran constructor of bridges, built the queen post truss structure for Lincoln County in 1938. It was the last of his covered bridges.</p><br>
<p>At 42 ft long, the bridge is one of the shortest covered bridges in Oregon. It is one of only two covered bridges in Lincoln County that are open to vehicular traffic; the other is the Chitwood Bridge. The weight limit on the bridge is eight tons; large trucks and recreational vehicles (RV)s are not allowed.</p><br>
<p>After an accident damaged the bridge in 1987, county crews repaired it. They returned in 1989 for a more complete renovation, including new trusses, approaches, a new roof and new siding.</p><br>
<p>Springton Lake  is a reservoir in Delaware County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. Created in 1931 when Crum Creek was dammed near Pennsylvania Route 252, it is an approximately 391 acre drinking-water reservoir maintained by Aqua America. The reservoir is within Newtown Township, Marple Township, and Upper Providence Township.</p><br>
<p>Until the last two decades, the reservoir was open to fishing via an entrance on Gradyville Road in Newtown Township. There is still a wide array of aquatic life in the reservoir, which includes largemouth and smallmouth bass, crappie, various pan fish, muskie, trout, and catfish. There is also a bald eagle which has a nest on the Upper Providence side of the reservoir. The reservoir is patrolled by Aqua America security during day hours.</p><br>
<p>Mount Bonifato  is a mountain in north western Sicilly in the province of Trapani.</p><br>
<p>It is famous for the pine forest and the Nature Reserve Bosco di Alcamo. On its slopes they have found a proto-historic necropolis and traces of an ancient settlement. If you go up to the peak you can see the remains of an old water reservoir (called Funtanazza) and a gate (called Porta della Regina), which implies the existence of surrounding walls. Besides, on the top there are the remains of a castle with four towers, that was built at the end of the 14th century by the Ventimiglia family, feudal lords of the territory of Alcamo for a certain period.</p><br>
<h2>Territory</h2><br>
<p>Mount Bonifato is located in the hinterland of Golfo di Castellammare, between the valley of Fiume Freddo (a river on the west) and Fiume Jato (a river on the east).</p><br>
<p>It shows quite steep faces on the south, while the declivity is more gradual in the northern part of the mountain, in proximity of Alcamo.</p><br>
<p>Until the first decades of the 19th century the mountain was covered with an oak wood of ilex and downy oak. In the thirties they began a massive reforestation prevalently with Aleppo’s pine that is the prevailing essence nowadays. The access to the mount and the Nature Reserve is provided by a town street: Via per monte Bonifato. Along this road there is a large number of holiday houses, especially concentrated between the fourth and fifth hairpin bend from the valley floor, and it is illuminated for a large part of its course (with the exception of the last mile, before the entrance into the Reserve area).</p><br>
<p>From the peak you can admire a landscape with the mountains of Palermo on the east and the island of Marettimo in the west; on clearer days you can also see Ustica in the north and mount Cammarata in the south-east.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The stratigraphy of Mount Bonifato is quite complex as this mountain is made up of many layers of rock, dating back to geological periods. They have found, in particular, the following formations:</p><br>
<p>Formation Sciacca (Norian-Rhaetic)</p><br>
<p>Formation Inici (Hettangian-Sinemurian)</p><br>
<p>Formation Buccheri (Liassic superior-Tithonian inferior)</p><br>
<p>FormationLattimusa (Tithonian superior-Valanginian inferior)</p><br>
<p>Formation Hybla (Aptian–Albian)</p><br>
<p>Formation Amerillo (Cretaceous superior–Oligocene inferior)</p><br>
<p>Formation Bonifato (Oligocene superior)</p><br>
<p>Calcareniti of Corleone (Burdigalian–Langhiano)</p><br>
<p>Marls of San Cipirello (Langhiano superior-Tortonian inferior)</p><br>
<p>Colluvium(Holocene).</p><br>
<p>From the idrogeological point of view, there are a deep aquifer in correspondence with the Triassic limestones, a superficial one near the peak and secondary aquifers in correspondence with the layers of debris.</p><br>
<h2>Paleontology</h2><br>
<p>Between the mountain and Alcamo there is an imposing bank of travertine dating back to Pleistocene which has been exploited nearly all to get slabs for the building industry. However the quarries are also an important site for paleontology because they have found important fossils there.</p><br>
<p>In particular inside one of these quarries (called "Cava dei Cappuccini"), they have found remains (a natural cast of the brain,defences and molar teeth) of the dwarf elephant, Elephas falconeri,the spheric eggs and the fossilized armour of a big tortoise (Geochelone sp.). These last two fossil findings are kept at Museo paleontologico e geologico di Palermo "Gaetano Giorgio Gemmellaro". The site has also allowed to re-establish the correct "stratigraphy" of the Elephas in Sicily because, in a fracture of travertine filled with "paleosuolo" (then more recently than travertine itself), they have found the remains of a medium size elephant, the Elephas mnaidriensis, which had been wrongly considered the dwarf elephant’s ancestor.</p><br>
<p>Inside Alcamo travertine they also discovered specimens of giant dormouse, Cervus elaphus e Sus scrofa, hosted at the Civic Museum of Prehistory "Torre di Lignì" in Trapani.</p><br>
<p>Alcamo travertine quarry, where they have found different remains of paleontological importance, has been menaced by a project for the construction o fan amphitheatre whose works were assigned in June 2014, and modified afterwards (in November 2014) so that this paleontological site will be partly protected.</p><br>
<h2>Historical hints</h2><br>
<h3>Origins</h3><br>
<p>In ancient times there was a fortified town on Mount Bonifato, in fact they have found different specimens.</p><br>
<p>With the passing of time, this town has passed different phases of popolation and depopulation and for a long time it was inhabited simultaneously with Alcamo (which stands at the foot of the mount), before its disappearing. In particular, it was inhabited since the last part of the bronze age, and Elyms, Romans and Byzantines settled there.</p><br>
<p>From the quotations by Licofron, we know that in ancient times this residential area was called Longuro. With the same name they also indicated the mount, which according to other suppositions was also called "Aereo" and "Longarico" (corresponding to the Latin name of Longuro).</p><br>
<p>The old town was defended by a wall on three sides and was composed by unicellular houses (that is having a single room).</p><br>
<p>Among the remains of the old town there is the “Funtanazza”, an ancient architectonic work which probably was a water reservoir; according to other people, it was, on the contrary, a thermal plant. The Funtanazza has a rectangular shape with pillars sustaining a barrel vault, similar to the moorish fountains on the northern coasts of Africa.</p><br>
<h3>Medioeval period</h3><br>
<p>It dates back to 1182 a document about land grants in which this residential area appears with the name "Bonifato" (or Bùnifat or Bonifacio), from the name of the Roman knight who became its owner.</p><br>
<p>In 1243, owing to an order given by Frederick II, after some cases of rebellion, there was an event of depopulation, but in 1333 it was repopulated under Frederick III’s rule. Since 1340 it was a possession of the baron Raimondo Peralta and later of Guarnieri Ventimiglia.</p><br>
<p>The son Enrico Ventimiglia succeeded Guarnieri Ventimiglia: he declared that he had the castle of Ventimiglia (or castle of Bonifato) built as a protection from possible attacks. According to some different interpretations, the castle would date back, on the contrary, to a previous period.</p><br>
<p>In 1243 the castle was destroyed by order of Federico II, and rebuilt in 1391 by the Ventimiglia family at their own expense.</p><br>
<p>Bonifato was definitively abandoned in 1338; its inhabitants finally settled in Alcamo because of the difficulty of getting there and the distance from the road network.</p><br>
<p>In 1779 the ruins of the castle were inserted in the Piano di conservazione dei Beni Culturali della Sicilia (Preservation Plan of the Cultural Heritage of Sicily) by Gabriele Lancillotto Castello, Prince of Torremuzza.</p><br>
<h2>Archeological research</h2><br>
<p>Since the second half of the 16th century Mount Bonifato has already been explored by scholars who identified different archaeological sites on the mountain, such as the ruins of the old residential area, discovered by the scholar Tommaso Fazello.</p><br>
<p>The archaeological remains on Mount Bonifato were subjects of research by the historians Ignazio de Blasi (18th century) and Vincenzo di Giovanni (19th century).</p><br>
<p>At the Regional Archeological Museum Antonio Salinas there are also some lanterns and stamps of bricks dating back to the Roman age, collected on Mount Bonifato by Pietro Maria Rocca during the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Several archaeological excavations have later been made on this mount, revealing finds dating back to the Middle Ages and remains of very ancient settlements, such as a house of the 6th-7th century A.D. and fragments of ceramics and bronze now exhibited at the museum Baglio Anselmi of Marsala.</p><br>
<p>Since the first excavations on Mount Bonifato, they have discovered some tomb caves, without any findings inside them, as they were reused by local farmers in later periods. During the following digs, they discovered the ruins of an ancient gate, called The Queen’s Gate.</p><br>
<p>During the last years the excavations have been done within some school-camps organized by Legambiente (1996), Archeoclub of Trapani-Erice (2000), LIPU (2001) and Gruppo Archeologico Drepanon (from 2007 to 2010, inside an iniziative called "Progetto Bunifat").</p><br>
<h2>Places of religious interest</h2><br>
<p>The Sanctuary of Most Holy Mary of the Height was built in the 16th century by three friars (Antonino La Melodia, Vito Faraci e Giuseppe La Chelba), after the founding of an icon of Our Lady dating back to a previous period (later missing) which had been buried under the walls.</p><br>
<p>During the same century of its construction, the Church was a place of pilgrimages (called "Vie Sacre") by the believers arriving at the sanctuary as a sign of penance or to ensure the arrival of the rains.</p><br>
<p>The Church wsa then rebuilt in 1930; inside it you can see a wooden statue made in 1933 by Giuseppe Ospedale and a painting on metal by Liborio Mirabile.</p><br>
<p>In honour of Our Lady of the Height they celebrate the festivity on September 8 and they prepare large bonfires or "luminari" (during the eve), the celebration of Masses, the procession and the recital of poems in dialect.</p><br>
<h2>Man’s intervention</h2><br>
<p>Owing to the reforestation activities and the installation of TV repeaters (one of them is even placed on one of the three towers of the castle), a lot of signs of the past have got lost on Mount Bonifato, such as:</p><br>
<p>The snowfields, that is special pits where they collected snow, whose water was considered miraculous as it melt</p><br>
<p>The caves, among which Polifemo or the eagles’ cave, where they said once these birds of prey lived.</p><br>
<h2>Sport events</h2><br>
<p>On Mount Bonifato they have performed 13 editions of a car race, whose finish line was the yard in front of Funtanazza: in 2010 this sport event has been resumed after several years.</p><br>
<p>Mount Bonifato has also been the place of some cycling races, such as the III Gran Prix of Cycling in the Province of Trapani (2012).</p><br>
<p>Mount St John Anti-Aircraft Battery is a heritage-listed fortification at 695 Ingham Road, Mount St John, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built between February and April 1942. It is also known as Y Station, 16 Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery and No. 2 Station, Gun Station 393. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 26 November 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mount St John Anti-Aircraft gun station was constructed between February and April 1942 as part of the World War II air defences of Townsville, in an effort to monitor aircraft entering the nearby Garbutt Aerodrome.</p><br>
<p>On 7 December 1941, the United States of America entered World War II following the bombing of Pearl Harbour in Hawaii by Japanese carrier-borne aircraft. The United Kingdom and its Commonwealth had been at war with Germany since September 1939, but now the war was truly global.</p><br>
<p>Japan attacked the Philippines and Thailand, and advanced through Malaya and the Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia). Singapore fell on 15 February 1942 and two brigades of the 8th Division of the 2nd Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) were captured, while the third brigade was destroyed piecemeal on the islands of Timor, Ambon and New Britain.</p><br>
<p>The Japanese first bombed Darwin on 19 February 1942, and America&#39;s General Douglas MacArthur arrived in Australia on 17 March, after being ordered to leave the Philippines (which fell in early May). At this time Australia appeared in imminent danger of invasion, but two key naval battles reduced this threat. The battle of the Coral Sea, fought 4–8 May, prevented a Japanese invasion force from reaching Port Moresby, and the Battle of Midway, fought in early June 1942, crippled the offensive power of the Japanese aircraft carrier force.</p><br>
<p>Australia now became the springboard for the Allied attempt to push back the Japanese. General MacArthur moved his General Headquarters, South West Pacific Area (GHQ, SWPA) from Melbourne to Brisbane on 20 July 1942, a day before the Japanese landed on the north coast of New Guinea in the Buna-Gona area and attempted to advance on Port Moresby via the Kokoda Track. In September another Japanese landing force was defeated at Milne Bay, the Japanese were halted at Imita Ridge on the Kokoda track, and the joint Australian-US effort to retake New Guinea began. Queensland played a major role in the build-up of troops and supplies for the counter-offensive.</p><br>
<p>In late 1942 Townsville was the principle port for those Allied troops serving in the New Guinea campaign and Cleveland Bay between Magnetic Island and Townsville was an important assembly point for shipping. The Australian forces chose Townsville as the Area Combined Headquarters for the North East Area, while the American forces used Townsville as the headquarters of the United States Army Base Section Two and the Fourth Air Depot of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). Between 1942 and 1945 the Townsville and Charters Towers region became one of the largest concentrations of airfields, stores, ammunition depots and port operations in the South West Pacific Theatre.</p><br>
<p>After the raid on Darwin, many felt Townsville, the largest city in the North, would be the next to experience a large-scale raid. However, due to its distance from the front line, it could not be raided by land-based bombers, which had added to the devastation in Darwin. Thus any bombing attack would come from aircraft carriers or long range Kawanishi flying boats.</p><br>
<p>Garbutt aerodrome was adequately defended. The 16 Heavy Anti-Aircraft (16 HAA) Battery was stationed in Townsville early in the war in the South West Pacific, with two separate units defending the airport and its approaches. No.1 Station, at Rowes Bay south of Pallarenda, was operational by 9 March 1942 with four guns in position. Construction of No.2 Station at Mount St John, located directly west of the Garbutt main north-south runway, commenced in February 1942 and was completed towards the end of April 1942; however, construction of the semi-underground command post did not commence until late 1942. Other Australian Army HAA positions in Townsville were built at Aitkenvale, The Strand, and Jimmy&#39;s Lookout (in Rowes Bay).</p><br>
<p>No.2 Station was Townsville&#39;s largest and most modern anti-aircraft battery when completed. Hardly a mountain, more a small hill, the site included four concrete ammunition bunkers, four 3.7" guns of the latest design, and an underground command post and plotting room. The standard (static) HAA gun position used in Queensland during World War II had four hexagonal gun positions, with a semi-underground command post in the centre of the arc of the guns and a magazine for each gun, with all elements built with reinforced concrete. At Mount St John, the 3.7" gun positions consisted of a surface concrete platform, surrounded by a protective earth wall (most of the surrounding earth walls have since been removed). Another permanent type of HAA position used in Queensland had the emplacements sunk into the ground, with concrete walls around the pit, complete with ammunition recesses.</p><br>
<p>No.2 Station&#39;s function was to observe all aircraft movements around Garbutt aerodrome and make sure that all aircraft followed the correct lane of entry. Any aircraft following an incorrect lane was to be fired on as an enemy aircraft. The Mount St John gun station was connected by phone to No. 3 Fighter Sector Headquarters (3FSHQ) Stuart (Operations and Signals Bunker), as well as various other installations and was staffed 24 hours a day. All four guns were in place by 11 March. However open sights, enabling the guns to be fired accurately, were not fitted till 22 March.</p><br>
<p>At 1206 hours on 21 March 1942 the first Japanese aircraft of World War II was sighted over the city by observers at Kissing Point Battery. It was described in one report as "silvery underneath, wings like a Douglas, with the leading edge being tapered back". Another report described it as being a Japanese MC-20, however this is not feasible as this aircraft did not have the range. The Japanese aircraft that fits the description is the Mitsubishi G3M3; a twin engine bomber/reconnaissance aircraft. Possessing a range of 3,871 miles, this aircraft was specifically designed for fast, long-range reconnaissance. It was the only twin-engine aircraft, which could make the distance from New Guinea, and was code-named Nell by the Allies later in 1942. It is shown on a pre-July aircraft recognition poster as the Type 96 Mitsubishi.</p><br>
<p>The purpose of these reconnaissance missions was to locate airfields so a future strike could be arranged. It is possible that this particular aircraft was based in Lae or Salamaua, which had fallen on 8 March. US B17&#39;s operating out of Cloncurry, Charters Towers and Townsville had bombed both bases at least twice.</p><br>
<p>The Kissing Point Battery spotted another aircraft the next day at the same time. That both aircraft were sighted at midday was significant; this time of the day was perfect for aerial photographic reconnaissance, as there were no shadows to distort objects on the ground. The Kissing Point Battery rang through to both No.1 and No.2 stations of 16 HAA but discovered the phone lines were down. Even if either unit had spotted the aircraft, they would not have been able to fire accurately, as open sights were not fitted until 22 March, the following day.</p><br>
<p>The names of the batteries were changed with No.1 Station changed to X Station at Rowes Bay, and No.2 Station to Y Station at Mount St John. The first time both these stations fired on an enemy aircraft was on 1 May 1942. Intelligence recorded that:</p><br>
<p>"At approximately 0945 hrs 16 A.A. Bty opened fire on enemy Recce aircraft flying at a great height. At approximately 1220 hrs USAA. Bty. opened fire on hostile aircraft, which made out to sea".</p><br>
<p>When consulting single unit diaries a more detailed description of what occurred on 1 May emerged:</p><br>
<p>"Planes were sighted by X Station at Palleranda at a height of approximately 24,000 feet, heading directly towards the aerodrome at Garbutt. X Station immediately went into action and with the first salvo caused the planes to change direction and climb steeply to 29,000 feet and out of range of the guns. Y Station at Mt St John also went into action at this stage. In all 33 rounds were fired 25 from the station at Pallarenda and 8 from the station at Mount St John".</p><br>
<p>According to the unit diary, these two aircraft returned at 1140 hrs, releasing a balloon over Garbutt aerodrome at 25–30,000 feet. The balloon descended and blew out to sea, the diary remarking that "tactics proved that they were enemy aircraft". The balloon was a radiosonde, or a dropsonde which was an instrument platform with radio transmitting capabilities. It contained instruments capable of taking air temperature, humidity and pressure measurements at different heights. Its descent provided an indirect measure of wind speed and direction at various atmospheric heights. The data was then transmitted back to the aircraft. This information was vital if a raid was to proceed on a target so that aircraft could bomb accurately. This was either a test run, or the preliminaries to a raid being planned. It is likely that these flying boats were from the 14th Kokutai (Air Group) based in Rabaul Harbour, located today in the East New Britain province of Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<p>Mount St Johns Y Station was involved in more action. Prior to Townsvilles first air raid on the night of 25/26 July 1942, the city received a warning that a raid would soon occur. This clue unfortunately went unheeded by military authorities. For three days prior to the first air raid on the city, AA units were on high alert, with yellow alerts and unidentified aircraft reports occurring more frequently than usual. At 0920 hrs on 22 July 1942, unidentified aircraft were seen flying at 25,000 feet over Townsville. At 1000 hrs, Y Station at Mount St John reported "white balloon at 25,000 feet slowly descending". Once again the Japanese used dropsondes to record wind speed and direction at certain heights for a planned raid on Townsville.</p><br>
<p>Townsville was attacked three times during late July 1942, by the 2nd Group of 14 Kokutai Japanese Naval Air Force, using Kawanishi H8K (Emily) four-engine flying boats based at Rabaul. On the night of 25/26 July two Emilys dropped bombs in the sea off Townsville&#39;s wharves. However, Y Station did not fire until a second raid early in the morning of 28 July. At 0220 hrs that day searchlights at Rowes Bay picked up a lone Emily at 10 000 feet (3048m). After 20 rounds were fired from Y Station an explosion close to the nose of the aircraft occurred, causing it to drop its bomb load in an uninhabited area of nearby Many Peaks Range. During the third raid on the morning of 29 July 1942 an Emily dropped seven bombs in Cleveland Bay and one on a paddock at Oonoonba, and was intercepted and damaged by two US fighter aircraft.</p><br>
<p>The minutes of meeting 126 of the Allied Works Council (Queensland Division), 1 December 1942 referred to the Mount St John position as Gun Station 393. On 31 July 1944 the 16th HAA Battery disbanded. Since the end of World War II, the Mount St John gun station has been sold and is now owned by a private company. Industrial development of the surrounding area has occurred, and parts of the west and east sides of Mount St John were quarried between the 1950s and the 1980s. In the later part of this period sections of one gun platform and the stairs of the two exposed magazines were removed and dumped nearby within the heritage boundary.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The anti-aircraft gun station on the summit of Mount St John is located 2.3 km directly west of the Garbutt main north-south runway. The site is located on the road to the Townsville City Council&#39;s sewerage treatment plant off the Bruce Highway (Ingham Road).</p><br>
<p>In 1999, physical remains of the Mount St John site comprised four ammunition magazines, four gun positions and a semi-underground command post/plotting room, all constructed from reinforced concrete. A fifth gun platform, for a light AA gun, is located just east of the command post, and the main camp site for Y Station was located at the base of the hill to the south of the gun emplacements.</p><br>
<p>All magazines are of identical size, single-roomed and originally located underground with semi-concealed stairways, single steel doors and two metal ventilators on the roof. Two have had soil around them removed and are completely exposed. The stairs on these same two have been removed and are lying nearby. Mounds north of the gun emplacements may also contain material discarded from the station. The four gun positions are clearly visible. Two are hexagonally shaped platforms, the outer walkway on one being partly demolished, the remaining two appear to be circular, but originally would have been hexagonal. The anti-aircraft guns were of 3.7 inch calibre and all four gun platforms still have the metal mounting rods in place. The semi-underground command post/plotting room is structurally intact and still possesses its metal entrance door. There is also evidence of a service road winding up the south side of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Mount St John Anti-Aircraft Battery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 26 November 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Mount St John Anti-Aircraft Battery, a complex of gun positions, magazines and a command post (operational in April 1942) is important in demonstrating the measures taken to defend Townsville from Japanese air attack during World War II.</p><br>
<p>Queensland was the main staging area for the Allied effort to drive the Japanese out of New Guinea, and Townsville provided vital port, airfield supply and supply facilities for Allied forces during the war in the South West Pacific. Due to its strategic importance, the city was bombed three times by Japanese long-range flying boats in July 1942, and Y Station fired at a Japanese aircraft during the second raid.</p><br>
<p>The former Y Station of HAA is one of a series of extant World War II structures remaining in Townsville. It differs from the others in that it is the only remaining structure which was involved in action against hostile aircraft before and after the battle of the Coral Sea (fought in early May 1942).</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Underground deposits of material on the site, buried since the end of the war, have the potential to reveal more information on the operation of HAA positions in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Mount St John Anti-Aircraft Battery is a good example of the standard HAA gun station complex used throughout Queensland, with four 3.7 inch gun positions (in this case of a surface emplacement type), four magazines (two still buried), a semi-underground command post, a Light Anti-Aircraft (LAA) position and camp site remnants at the base of the hill. The old road formation on the south side of the hill is also a part of the wartime infrastructure, and demonstrates how the site was accessed. Y Station is the most intact surviving example of the HAA defences of Townsville, and is one of the most intact HAA positions in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>A number of HAA sites in Queensland were sited on high ground, when it was available. Y Station&#39;s location demonstrates its intended role in protecting Garbutt airfield to the north-east; therefore the sight lines between it and the airfield are important.</p><br>
<p>Rosebank is a heritage-listed detached house at 21 Lawson Street, Mysterton, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rosebank, a substantial, single-storeyed timber residence, was erected for well-known Townsville identities Rose and Andrew Ball.</p><br>
<p>Andrew Ball was one of the first Europeans to explore the Cleveland Bay district, and is acknowledged as the founder of Townsville. In 1864 he was managing Woodstock Station (to the south of Ross River) for pastoralists Robert Towns and John Melton Black (who together owned Jarvisfield and Woodstock cattle runs and Fanning Downs and Victoria Downs sheep stations), when Black asked Ball to explore the country to the north, to find a suitable wharfage site at Cleveland Bay from which to handle station produce. Ball, accompanied by Mark Watt Reid and two Aboriginal stockmen, set out in April 1864 and eventually found the mouth of what later was called the Ross River. The site Ball selected for a wharf and port was on Ross Creek, a tributary of Ross River. Lying beneath the huge sandstone outcrop of Castle Hill, the location reminded Ball of Castletown, the capital of the Isle of Man, and that was what he called the place. When a government town site was surveyed here in 1865, the name was changed officially from Castletown to Townsville, in honour of Robert Towns.</p><br>
<p>Andrew Ball was occupied for the next few years with pastoral work before returning to Townsville in the late 1860s, and was a partner in Ball & Grimaldi, Townsville, in 1869. In 1877 he married Mrs Rose ONeill, widow and licensee of the Exchange Hotel in Flinders Street since 1873. The Exchange had been erected in 1869 by Edward Head and was made the terminus for the Ravenswood coach service in 1870, but it was the popular Rose ONeill who improved the hotels reputation and nearly doubled its size in the mid-1870s. Rose ONeill eventually purchased the hotel and following her marriage to Andrew Ball and his taking over of the licence in 1877, the Exchange became one of the most popular hotels in town. Ball was charming and widely known, with business interests both in Townsville and on the goldfields (Ravenswood and Charters Towers), and together, he and Rose developed a large and loyal cliental at the Exchange. In 1881 the two-storeyed timber hotel was destroyed by fire, but Townsville was booming and Ball immediately rebuilt in brick, the substantial new two-storeyed Exchange Hotel opening in 1882. That year Andrew Ball gave up the licence, he and Rose retiring from hotel work but retaining numerous Townsville business interests. They resided at West End for some years before moving to Rosebank in the mid-1880s.</p><br>
<p>In January 1885 Rose Ball acquired title to a 20 acre site about 3 miles out of town, southwest along the Charters Towers road, at a time when the western and southwestern suburbs of Townsville were emerging as fashionable addresses for successful Townsville businesspersons. On this property Rose and Andrew Ball erected Rosebank, a large timber residence picturesquely situated overlooking a small lagoon and creek (now filled in and part of Mindham Park). The front entrance drive from the main road crossed a causeway and two bridges over the creek/lagoon, then became a circular drive lined by bunya pines and mango trees, surrounding a large rose garden in the front yard. The back approach to the house passed through banyan and Moreton Bay fig trees. Rosebank was developed as a self-sufficient semi-rural estate, with a dairy, cowyard, chicken run, vegetable garden, stables and various storage and fodder sheds, and an underground water supply. Rose Ball also developed a very fine flower garden and bushhouse at Rosebank, which were famous in the Townsville district. Andrew Ball died at Rosebank in September 1894, aged 62, and his widow remained there until her death in February 1925, aged 83. In January 1912 their only daughter, Annie Alice May, married lawyer Robert Johnstone Douglas (son of Queensland Premier, John Douglas), later a Supreme Court Judge. Mr & Mrs Douglas are understood to have resided at Rosebank from 1912, when they employed Townsville builder E Crowder to renovate the building. The renovations included the installation of a number of pressed metal ceilings, removal of a partition wall to form a library, enlargement of the dining room by opening up the sewing room and pantry, and extension of the kitchen. The verandah floorboards also were replaced at this time. In 1919, title to the property was transferred from Mrs Ball to her daughter.</p><br>
<p>In 1903 and again in 1971 the house was damaged by cyclones and the owners carried out major alterations and refurbishment to parts of the structure in 1912 and 1972. Blocks of land on the left side of the house were sold off in the first part of this century and in 1940 the local Council resumed the watercourse in front of Rosebank to create public parkland, reducing the 8.094 hectare property to the house block of today.</p><br>
<p>The Douglas family, one of whom became a leading orthopaedic surgeon, owned the house until 1972, when it was purchased by the Lillicrap family who undertook renovations to make it more functional.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Rosebank is a substantial, single-storeyed, timber house resting on low brick piers, with a short-ridge roof of corrugated-iron, wide surrounding verandahs and a detached kitchen wing at the rear, accessed from the back verandah. The single-skinned external walls have deep chamferboards with exposed stud-framing. Decorative details include cast-iron cresting and finials on the roof, cross-braced timber balustrading and ornate timber brackets on the verandahs, and a finial and fretwork bargeboards to the small gabled entrance portico at the front. The interior has some fine pressed metal ceilings, which have been restored, and early 20th century light fittings. The kitchen and bathroom of the service wing have been modernised. A double brick garage and pool at the left of the house are late 20th century additions. While some of the mango trees remain, more recent cottage gardens have been established.</p><br>
<p>The house is fronted by Townsville City Council parkland which was part of the original property.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Rosebank was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Rosebank, erected, survives as important evidence of the development of Townsville as the principal port of north Queensland in the 1880s, when businesses were consolidating, the principal commercial premises were being re-built in brick, and fine gentlemen&#39;s residences were being established in the western and southwestern suburbs. Its imposing style reflects the prosperity of its owners and of the region during the boom period of the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>Renovations in the 1910s and 1970s testify to its continued use as an elite residence for well over a century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Rosebank is an excellent example of a substantial, decorative, timber residence of the mid-1880s, complete with detached kitchen house, standing in the remnants of larger grounds and garden</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The house remains highly intact, and together with the surviving grounds, is important for its aesthetic qualities.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Rosebank is considered one of Townsville&#39;s finest colonial homes, and has a strong association for the residents of Townsville with the early development of their city.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It is important also for its close association with Andrew and Rose Ball, prominent and early Townsville residents, Andrew Ball being acknowledged as the founder of Townsville.</p><br>
<p>Duhernal Lake is a lake in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. The lake is currently formed at the confluence of the South River, Matchaponix Bay and the outflow of Devoe Lake. It currently forms the border between the towns of Spotswood and Old Bridge.</p><br>
<p>The lake is eutrophic. It receives most of its water from the tributary Matchaponix Brook and Devoe Lake. Most of the water flows out to the South River.</p><br>
<p>The lake is a popular fishing site. Fish found in the lake include brown bullhead, bluegill sunfish and largemouth bass.</p><br>
<p>The lake is co-owned by the DuPont company, Ashland Inc., and the Borough of Sayreville. DuPont, together with the Hercules and National Lead corporations, created the lake in the 1930s by partially damming the South River.</p><br>
<p>West End Cemetery is a heritage-listed cemetery at Francis Street, West End, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1865 to 1930s. It is also known as Townsville General Cemetery. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 June 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>West End Cemetery, surveyed in 1865, was Townsville&#39;s first official cemetery and second burial ground. The first burial ground was located north of the main settlement along the beach in North Ward, but this was abandoned within a couple of years as settlement spread rapidly north around Castle Hill. It was not an officially gazetted cemetery, and was not included in the first town plan of Townsville, completed early in 1865.</p><br>
<p>The first official Townsville General Cemetery (West End Cemetery) was surveyed along with Townsville&#39;s first suburban allotments, west of the main settlement on Ross Creek, in November 1865. It comprised 19 acres of Suburban Section 1 at the base of Castle Hill, and was bounded by unmade road reserves to the west, north and east, and separated from the main track into Townsville (later Flinders Street West) by private allotments. Although not officially gazetted as a cemetery reserve until 1872, the burial ground was used from at least March 1868 when Captain Henry Daniel Sinclair, founder of Bowen, was buried there.</p><br>
<p>Prior to 1872 there was no official administration of the West End Cemetery. In 1868 a committee was established to raise funds to fence the cemetery, and this was completed by July 1869, but there were no trustees and no burial register was being kept. Finally, in August 1872, the Townsville Cemetery Reserve at West End was gazetted and trustees were appointed, following which cemetery rules were gazetted in July 1873 and a burial register established later that year.</p><br>
<p>Prior to 1880, access to the cemetery was over privately owned land between Flinders Street West and the reserve. In June 1880 the trustees succeeded in having the cemetery reserve extended to include Lot 1 of Suburban Section 1, a 4 acre allotment adjoining the cemetery and fronting Flinders Street West, in order to create official access to the cemetery from the main road into Townsville. However, this extension was cancelled in 1884 and the land reserved for school purposes. In 1886 the southeast corner of the original cemetery reserve was excised for school reserve as well, and new access to the main road was established with the addition to the cemetery of Lot 4 of Suburban Section 1 (5 acres at the corner of Church Street and Flinders Street West).</p><br>
<p>When surveyed in 1865, the cemetery was well outside the town boundaries. However, within a decade settlement was developing around the Carriers Arms Hotel at what had become known as Townsvilles West End. By 1878 a soap works, foundry and commercial buildings, together with Frederick Ashtons estate, were located close to the burial site, now situated within the town boundaries. By the 1890s West End was a thriving suburb as well as a commercial and business centre, and a state school had been established on the reserve at the corner of Wilson and Flinders Street West, adjacent to the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>As the suburb grew concern was expressed that the cemetery was badly located at the base of Castle Hill. The community was worried that rainwater leaching from the hill was likely to contaminate a nearby creek, and in the 1890s the trustees searched for an alternative location for Townsville&#39;s general cemetery. On 10 November 1900 a new cemetery reserve of 100 acres at Belgian Gardens, on the Townsville Town Common, was proclaimed. The sale of burial plots at West End Cemetery ceased in 1902, but the cemetery was not closed at this time.</p><br>
<p>With the establishment of the new cemetery at Belgian Gardens, lack of revenue for maintenance at the West End Cemetery became a major issue. In 1901 the trustees relinquished the unfenced part of the cemetery, about 3 acres at the corner of Flinders Street West and Church Street, reducing the size of the cemetery reserve to 16 acres. The excised land was gazetted a recreation reserve, administered by the Townsville Municipal Council. However, in 1910 the recreation reserve (minus a road reserve - now Pridmore Street) was returned to the cemetery reserve, the Council having failed to carry out improvements. It remained a constant source of annoyance to the cemetery trustees that their resources were being spent on maintaining ground which did not contain graves. However, the new road reserve created formal access from Flinders Street West to the main entrance gate and tree lined road through the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>West End Cemetery was closed officially in 1930, with only previously purchased plots used for burials after that time. Since 1930 up to 288 people have been buried in family graves at West End. Further changes to the cemetery boundary were made in 1935 when 3 acres, excised from the north east corner, was added to the adjacent school reserve.</p><br>
<p>During the Second World War a Civil Construction Corp camp was established on the unfenced section of the cemetery reserve at the corner of Church Street and Flinders Street West. It is believed that the cemetery entrance gates and turnstile at the end of Pridmore Street were removed at this time and a new entrance created off Church Street. This unfenced area was again excised from the cemetery reserve in 1958 to create the present recreation reserve. Since that time the cemetery reserve has comprised just under 15 acres.</p><br>
<p>Two important firms of monumental masons working in Townsville made significant contributions to the monumental architecture in the West End Cemetery. From the late 19th century until 1984, Melrose and Fenwick produced both headstones and wrought iron grave surrounds; Whebells, operating from the late 19th century to the 1950s, made headstones.</p><br>
<p>On 24 December 1971 Cyclone Althea caused considerable damage to headstones and trees at West End Cemetery, and vandalism and neglect have added to the damage. However, in recent years the local community has campaigned for the cemetery to be preserved, and in 1996 the Townsville City Council commissioned the preparation of a conservation policy to give direction and guidelines for the future care and maintenance of West End Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>West End Cemetery, Townsville is located on the southern slope of Castle Hill and is bounded to the north by unmade road reserve (Francis Street), on the west by Church Street, on the south by a recreation reserve fronting Flinders Street West and residential allotments fronting Norman and Musgrave Streets, and on the east by a school reserve.</p><br>
<p>The site is dissected east-west by two unmade paths, dividing the cemetery into Blocks A and C to the south, Block B between the paths, and Block D to the north. These paths meet a creek running through the eastern side of the cemetery. Between the creek and the school reserve on the eastern boundary is Block E, which was reserved for unsanctified burials. The graves of Chinese, Jewish and Aboriginal people as well as members of lodges and those who committed suicide are buried in this section. Only a small number of headstones remain in Block E and it is possible some graves have been washed away during floods because cast iron and headstone fragments can be found in the creek. Unlike many cemeteries, West End, with the exception of the unsanctified section across the creek, is not divided into denominational sections. However, all graves are oriented to the east in usual fashion.</p><br>
<p>Large banyan, fig and mango trees are the main plantings. An avenue of mahogany trees, running north-south from the adjacent recreation reserve, marks the original entrance off the end of Pridmore Street. There is an early perimeter fence of rendered masonry with cast iron panels along the Church Street boundary, with the roots of mature banyans grown over the fence and nearby graves. The main entrance, off Church Street, appears to have been constructed at the same time as the fence.</p><br>
<p>West End Cemetery contains many substantial headstones of quality design and craftsmanship, which illustrate trends in Queensland monumental architectural from the 1860s to the early 20th century. The oldest headstone in the cemetery dates from 4 March 1868. Materials used include marble, sandstone, granite and a concrete and pebble mix. The first marble headstones were imported from Carrara in Italy. After the beginning of the Second World War in 1939, marble from Ulam near Rockhampton was used. Sandstone, which was not available locally, was brought from Helidon Quarry near Toowoomba, Coffs Harbour in New South Wales and from around Sydney. The only local material identified is granite from Magnetic Island and pink granite from Hervey Range and Castle Hill. More recent headstones and graves are made from cast concrete and are less ornate. Of the graves established between 1896 and 1919, 52 percent are surrounded by ironwork.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Many early inhabitants of Townsville and North Queensland are buried in West End Cemetery:</p><br>
<p>Andrew Ball, founder of Townsville and a prominent businessman in the infant town, was buried in 1894</p><br>
<p>John Deane, Member of both the Queensland Legislative Assembly and Queensland Legislative Council</p><br>
<p>Thomas Campbell, Member of the Queensland Legisative Assembly</p><br>
<p>William Hann, an early settler in the Kennedy District was buried in 1889</p><br>
<p>Charles Rowe, a partner with John Melton Black in the establishment of Black&#39;s pastoral empire in North Queensland was interred in 1900</p><br>
<p>Thankful Willmett, printer and businessman</p><br>
<p>George Burns, MLA</p><br>
<p>Captain Henry Daniel Sinclair, founder of Bowen</p><br>
<p>A large mound in Block A is said to be a communal grave for child victims of an 1890s epidemic.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>West End Cemetery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 June 1996 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>West End Cemetery is important because it provides evidence of the history and demography of Townsville and district. It also demonstrates architectural trends in monumental design during the latter half of the 19th and early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>West End Cemetery served as Townsville&#39;s General Cemetery from to 1902, and contains the graves of people important in the history of Townsville, the region and Queensland generally.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>In consequence, the cemetery provides a unique source of historical information about the development of Townsville and of North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place remains a substantially intact example of a 19th Queensland cemetery, containing early headstones, plantings and perimeter fencing. In illustrating its type, the cemetery is an important source of information about the work of monumental masons and the history of cemetery design and aesthetics in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The diverse collection of memorials, the location at the base of Castle Hill, the plantings and perimeter fencing, also exhibit significant and evocative aesthetic characteristics.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Townsville community values the cemetery because of its association with the city and region&#39;s early founders, and because many local people have family buried there.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>West End Cemetery has special association with people of importance in Townsville, regional and Queensland history, including Andrew Ball, founder of Townsville, William Hann, early settler in the Kennedy Region, George Burns, an early Townsville MLA, Captain Sinclair, founder of Bowen, as well as a number of Townsville mayors and prominent citizens.</p><br>
<p>Townsville Customs House is a heritage-listed former customs house at Wickham Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by George David Payne and built from 1900 to 1902 by Crawford & Cameron. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Townsville Customs House, the fourth customs building in Townsville, was constructed in 1901/02 to a design prepared in 1899/1900 by architect George Payne of the Government Architect&#39;s Office in the Queensland Department of Public Works.</p><br>
<p>Townsville had been established in the mid-1860s by pastoralist John Melton Black and his Sydney business partner, Robert Towns, as a port to service Woodstock Station. There were already ports at Bowen and Cardwell but during the wet season Woodstock and other stations to the west were often cut off from these centres by floodwaters.</p><br>
<p>In November 1864 Black&#39;s employees Andrew Ball and Mark Reid set up camp close to the mouth of Ross Creek on Cleveland Bay and in the next few months Black and Towns invested in the construction of a warehouse and wharf. A residence was constructed for Melton Black on Melton Hill overlooking the fledgling port.</p><br>
<p>At this period Robert Towns, with interests in banking, pastoral, shipping and commercial industries, was one of Australian&#39;s most influential businessmen. Having invested heavily in the early establishment of this new Queensland port facility, Black and Towns lobbied the colonial government to declare the new township a port of entry. They received support from the Queensland Collector of Customs and on 17 June 1865 Cleveland Bay was proclaimed a "Port of Entry and Clearance". At that time a small Customs service was established in the township. Staff included the Sub-Collector of Customs who, for an annual fee of300, served as the Police Magistrate, Clerk of Petty Sessions, and Harbour and Port Master. Two staff were employed as customs and harbour workers, boatmen and constables. The construction of a bond store and customs warehouse was also authorised at that time.</p><br>
<p>On 29 July 1865 the Surveyor-General&#39;s Department decided that the new Customs House should be located next to the harbour entrance on Ross Creek. A town survey had been completed and the first land sales took place on 31 July 1865. On 6 September 1865 the Queensland Executive Council, referring for the first time to the township as "Townsville", approved a block of land bounded by the Strand and Flinders Street as an appropriate site for the Customs Reserve and new Customs House. It was in an elevated position and commanded an excellent view of the harbour.</p><br>
<p>Early in 1866 the Municipality of Townsville was declared with Black elected as Mayor. In October 1866 the Province of Townsville was declared, covering a large area centred round Townsville.</p><br>
<p>The discovery of gold at Cape River in 1867 and Ravenswood in 1869 stimulated the development of Townsville as a port and administration centre. By 1870 a new building had been constructed to house customs and court functions and a wharf built on the Customs Reserve on Ross Creek. The new building was a cramped, three-roomed wooden structure. Early in 1871 an additional two offices were added at the rear of the building. To create more space the Sub-Collector of Customs suggested that a bond store be built, which was constructed in July 1872 on the Customs Reserve close to the wharf facing Flinders Street.</p><br>
<p>In March 1874 the Sub-Collector of Customs further suggested that the Court House facilities be removed from the Customs building and in February 1875 approval was given for a new court house, which was constructed in 1876 in Sturt Street.</p><br>
<p>The Customs Service grew rapidly as road and rail networks in the Townsville hinterland expanded to meet the needs of the pastoral industry and gold fields. By the late 1870s the early timber framed government buildings in Townsville were beginning to be replaced by ore substantial structures. The new, more imposing buildings reflected the growing prosperity of the region. In 1884 the Customs Bond Store on the bank of Ross Creek was extended.</p><br>
<p>In 1889 the importance of the Customs Service was demonstrated with the opening of the new Brisbane Customs House. By September 1891 the inadequacy of the Townsville office was obvious and the decision was made to convert the former Post and Telegraph Office into a customs house. This work was completed by June 1892. At this stage the quarters of the Sub-Collector of Customs comprised a timber structure at the rear of the Supreme Court.</p><br>
<p>By 1898 the Customs Service had again outgrown its building. At the same time the Queensland government embarked on an ambitious building program to make a generous contribution to the planned Commonwealth of Australia by constructing new customs houses or upgrading existing ones prior to Federation. Included in the building program were new customs houses at Rockhampton (1898-1901), Townsville (1898-1902), Bundaberg (completed ) and Mackay (completed in 1902) and an upgrading of the 1870 Maryborough Customs House in 1900.</p><br>
<p>Townsville Customs and Estate Agent JN Parkes, commissioned to find a suitable site for a new Townsville customs house, recommended two blocks bounded by The Strand, Wickham and Cunningham Streets. The site, owned by the Bank of New South Wales, was purchased by the Queensland government in November 1898 for £1600. Plans were prepared in 1899 by architect George Payne employed temporarily in the Government Architect&#39;s Office. The plans were approved by the government in January 1900, just prior to Federation and the creation of the new Australian Customs Services.</p><br>
<p>George Payne was a London born and trained architect who arrived in New South Wales. In the late 1880s he achieved success in a number of design competitions and in the early 1890s established his own architectural practice in Sydney. He was a foundation member of the Sydney Architectural Association and in 1891-93 its inaugural vice-president. Due to the effects of the economic depression of the 1890s on the architectural profession, Payne gained a temporary position as a draftsman in the Queensland Public Works Department, taking up the appointment in March 1898. It has been suggested that Payne may have been the catalyst for the sophistication of the subsequent work of the Departments Professional Branch. He prepared working drawings for the Rockhampton Customs House, in which he likely contributed to the design detailing and in 1899 designed and documented the Townsville Customs House. With the tropical climate and the governments desire to impress in mind, he designed a colonnaded Romanesque building with an imposing presence to The Strand and shaded, well ventilated interiors. In late 1902 Payne resigned from the Public Works Department to oversee construction of his winning design for St Andrew&#39;s Presbyterian Church in Brisbane, for which he acquired a national reputation.</p><br>
<p>Payne&#39;s Townsville Customs House was a brick and stone building of generous design, with high ceilings to allow for maximum air circulation and broad, colonnaded verandahs to provide shade for the internal rooms. While no plans of previous Townsville Customs buildings have been located it is probable that this building provided, for the first time, the traditional arrangement of Customs Service rooms, based on the British tradition of a lofty and impressive "long room" for the reception of the public. It appears to have included residential accommodation for the Sub-Collector of Customs on the upper floor and a basement. As with other Queensland customs buildings designed at this period, the Townsville Customs House, through its architectural distinction, was designed to impress and to present the Customs Service as a crucial arm of government.</p><br>
<p>Tenders were called in February 1900 and the tender of £26,642, submitted by Messrs Crawford and Cameron of Kangaroo Point, Brisbane was accepted on 7 March 1900. The works supervisor was ES Hunt. The building was constructed of brick and stone with concrete foundations and a plinth of granite from Cockle Bay on Magnetic Island. The use of local labour and materials was intended to stimulate local industry. However, it is thought that the stone dressings (sandstone colonnade, balustrade rails and bases) came from Stanwell near Rockhampton. Construction was completed in late 1902.</p><br>
<p>Following the federation of the Australian colonies as the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901, the new federal government assumed responsibility for the fixing and collection of customs duties on goods entering Australia. Customs duties imposed on inter-colonial trade were abolished. The operation of existing coastal customs houses and the establishment of new ones became a Commonwealth function. Under the new arrangements, the Commonwealth assumed control of Queensland&#39;s existing customs houses. By December 1908 the Townsville Customs House, valued at £32,201 (£27,261 for the structure and £4,940 for the site), had been transferred to the Commonwealth.</p><br>
<p>The building was severely damaged by Cyclone Leonta in March 1903 when two chimneys fell and crashed through the roof into an office below. Despite repairs the roof began to leak and in 1910 the tiles were replaced with galvanised iron pan tiles. The tiles on the portico turret roof were left in situ until 1938 when leaks developed and the whole roof was replaced with galvanised steel.</p><br>
<p>Besides the Commonwealth Customs Service, the building also accommodated a number of Queensland government agencies, including the Stamps and Titles Office, Department of Works, the Bankruptcy Branch and the Electoral Office. During the second world war the Commonwealth Department of Works and Buildings expanded and in 1943 constructed a temporary, two storeyed building in the southwest corner of the grounds. The balcony above the Long Room became office space and a temporary wooden mezzanine floor was erected in the Long Room. Part of the first floor residence became office space for the Department of Works and Buildings and the basement was converted into an air raid shelter with an exit door to Wickham Street. During the war years Works and Buildings was responsible for the construction of war facilities across north Queensland. The department constructed military facilities as well as converting private property to military use and continued to operate from the Customs House until the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The roof was damaged again in 1971 by Cyclone Althea, following which the domed roof was reclad with galvanised steel and the turret roof with zinc in 1973.</p><br>
<p>By 1973 other government departments were again occupying the building including the Department of Works, the Department of Primary Industry and the Department of the Navy.</p><br>
<p>In 1978 the building was entered on the Register of the National Estate. Restoration work in 1983 won a John Herbert Award for Meritorious Conservation Action. This work included a new roof of specially formed painted steel to the original 1910 profile and gutters replaced to match the original ogee profile. The flat at the west end was vacated and verandah enclosures removed, with restoration of the stone and brick work on the balcony. The building was painted and exterior masonry was dressed and re-pointed.</p><br>
<p>In 1992 $620,000 was allocated by the Federal government for the restoration and conservation of the building, including the repair of the sandstone, masonry and roof sheeting.</p><br>
<p>The place is no longer owned by the Commonwealth.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Townsville Customs House is located on the corner of The Strand and Wickham Street, at the base of Melton Hill overlooking Cleveland Bay. It is one of a number of buildings at the eastern end of the city which are of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>The building is a two-storeyed, L shaped, red brick building with an elaborate semi-circular corner entrance. Verandahs exist on both levels on both street elevations, with iron balustrading on the ground floor. There is a tower on the Strand side, which has a lookout for the observation of shipping. The roof is roll and cap iron.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor interior includes the Long Room which contains the public counter and work area; a communications room; several general offices; two store rooms; an entrance hall, main stairs and lobby; colonnades; a safe; clearing office; strong room; amenities room; field store; and a flat containing a bedroom, bathroom, balcony and portion of the colonnade.</p><br>
<p>The first floor contains the Sub-Collector of Customs living area. Within this area are three bedrooms created using modern partitioning, a living room, lounge, kitchen, and colonnades on both the north and south facades, which contain laundry and bathroom facilities. There is also a lobby into the living area (former Titles Office), a staircase lobby, a gallery over the Long Room, a pantry and store.</p><br>
<p>The surviving internal timber work and timber fittings are of cedar. There are a number of tiled fireplaces throughout the main offices.</p><br>
<p>There are leadlight windows in the original dome. The cedar and plaster mouldings of the dome are also intact.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Townsville Customs House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Townsville Customs House, completed in 1902, was commissioned by the Queensland government prior to Federation during the period of planning for the hand over of government departments and their facilities to the new federal government. Purpose-built as a customs house, the building was used by the Australian Customs Service for close to a century. It is significant historically as an expression of the importance of the customs service to Queensland and to Australia.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Townsville Customs House is an elegant, imposing brick building with sandstone detailing. It remains substantially intact and is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of its class of place, being one of a group of imposing, two-storeyed brick and stone customs houses designed by the Queensland Public Works department and constructed around the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. It is important in illustrating the best work of the office of the Queensland Government Architect and in particular the work of respected architect George Payne. The former Townsville Customs House provides important evidence of adaptation to the climatic requirements of north Queensland particularly in its high ceilings and wide colonnades along the length of both street elevations. It possesses a strong, visual unity in its use of scale, materials and texture and has architectural significance on a national scale.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>With its distinctive entrance portico and domed roof the former Townsville Customs House makes an outstanding contribution to an historic and aesthetic streetscape that includes Anzac Memorial Park, the former Queen&#39;s Hotel, the State Government Offices, Tattersalls Hotel, and the former Bank of New South Wales.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the work in Townsville and north Queensland of the Queensland and Australian customs services for close to a century.</p><br>
<p>Anzac Memorial Park is a heritage-listed memorial and park at The Strand, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was first built in 1912. It is also known as The Strand Park and Townsville War Memorial. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Anzac Memorial Park was established as The Strand Park in the 1910s, but the foreshore along The Strand (Townsville&#39;s main frontage to Cleveland Bay) had developed as a recreation area from the 1860s, the earliest days of settlement. The whole of the foreshore between King and Howitt Streets was gazetted a temporary reserve for public purposes in February 1901, and a section of this, between the Customs House and King Street, was proclaimed a permanent reserve for park purposes in June 1912.</p><br>
<p>As early as 1866, Townsville&#39;s more affluent residents were constructing homes along the beachfront, and by 1872, three hotels had been erected opposite the present Anzac Memorial Park. The Strand was unformed at this time, being little more than a track along the foreshore, and there were no shade trees, but the beach was popular with bathers (mainly male) from at least the late 1870s. In 1881 the town council planted 30 cedar trees along the foreshore, and added cocoa and betel nut trees in early 1882. In 1883, following strong public demand, a road was made along the beach front to Kissing Point. By 1889, The Strand, between King Street and Kissing Point, made a glorious promenade on a moonlight night when the breeze blew straight and cool from Magnetic Island. Photographs of The Strand in 1888 show banyan trees several years old, as well as more recent plantings, and a reserve for public baths (opposite the then quarry site on The Strand) was gazetted in 1889.</p><br>
<p>One of the earliest structures erected along the foreshore was an ornamental fountain/bird-bath, extant by 1905, which remained in the park reserve to the 1950s at least. In 1908 a drinking fountain was constructed opposite Queen&#39;s Hotel, near the corner of Wickham Street and The Strand. It was located outside the park proper, on the road verge, and was erected as a memorial to William Joseph Castling, a butcher and former Mayor of Townsville. This drinking fountain was moved to the western end of the park, probably during road works after 1924.</p><br>
<p>One of the principal instigators of the establishment of a formal park along The Strand was John Henry Tyack, owner of Queens Hotel 1899–1913, alderman in the Townsville City Council 1906–13, and mayor of Townsville in 1912. He had commissioned the elaborate re-building of Queens Hotel, one of the few grand hotels of Northern Queensland, starting in 1902–04, and took an interest in beautifying the foreshore opposite. In April 1912, during Tyack&#39;s term as mayor, Townsville City Council applied to have the foreshore along The Strand, from the sea baths to King Street, gazetted as The Strand Park. The Council had already spent a considerable amount of money on foreshore improvements, and intended to spend more. In June 1912, about 4.5 acres were proclaimed a permanent reserve for park purposes, extending from King Street to Cleveland Street.</p><br>
<p>As early as 1901, Council had considered erecting a new bandstand on the beach, but this project did not eventuate until 1913. Through Henry Tyacks efforts, a public subscription was raised for the construction of a small, ornate bandstand in the park. The structure was designed by Sydney architect Arthur Beckford Polin, who had designed the new Queens Hotel for Tyack, when resident in Townsville as the North Queensland representative of the architectural firm of Eaton, Bates and Polin. J Crase & Co., ironworkers and brass founders of Brisbane, supplied the cast iron scroll work and pillars for the bandstand, in the same design as that used on the Queens Hotel, and construction was carried out by municipal employees. The bandstand was nearing completion when Tyack died on 28 July 1913, and it was dedicated in Tyacks memory on 27 September 1913, by Alderman Robert Wilson McClelland, Mayor of Townsville. The stand was intended to cater for both band and vocal concerts, mainly during the summer months.</p><br>
<p>Initially, the bandstand was located opposite the main entrance gates to the park. It was relocated to the eastern end of the park when the Queensland Centenary Fountain was constructed on the same site in 1959.</p><br>
<p>In 1914–15, a bowling green and clubhouse were constructed on land at the southern end of The Strand Park, the land being leased by the newly established Townsville Bowls Club from the City Council. The first clubhouse was destroyed during Cyclone Althea in December 1971, the grass was replaced with an artificial green in 1992, and in 1994 the land occupied by the bowls club was excised from the park (and does not form part of the park&#39;s heritage listing).</p><br>
<p>From at least the 1920s, The Strand Park was a focus for Anzac Day ceremonies. In 1923–24 a memorial clocktower was erected in the park, to the west of the bandstand. The memorial was financed by public subscription, and was designed and constructed by monumental masons Melrose and Fenwick of Townsville. The design had been finalised by September 1923, and the monument was completed by Anzac Day 1924, when it was unveiled and dedicated by the Governor of Queensland, Sir Matthew Nathan.</p><br>
<p>When first established, a picket fence divided the park from the roadway. By 1924, that section of the timber fence opposite Queens Hotel, near the intersection of Wickham Street and The Strand, had been replaced with park entrance gates and fencing of wrought-iron panels set between masonry pillars. Also by 1924, several canon, probably trophies from the 1914–18 war, were located east and west of the bandstand; the park was lit by gas lamps; and a childrens playground had been constructed at the western end of the park, near the sea baths. No evidence of this early playground survives.</p><br>
<p>In October 1925, the park was described as being tastefully laid out and planted with ornamental trees, shrubs with foliage of variegated colours, and lawns of couch grass, and attracted hundreds of people to the Sunday evening band and orchestral concerts. In the 1920s, the park was considered a tourist attraction, and was extended to over 6 acres in July 1926, by including the land up to the sea baths reserve.</p><br>
<p>Early in 1934, the name was changed to Anzac Memorial Park, and a metal arch bearing the new name was erected above the entrance gates, in time for the April 25 Anzac Day commemorations.</p><br>
<p>In April 1953, Anzac Memorial Park was extended to 9 acres, and in 1959 the bandstand was relocated within the park to permit construction in its place of a fountain to commemorate the centenary of Queensland&#39;s separation from New South Wales.</p><br>
<p>In December 1971, Cyclone Althea caused substantial damage to the park. Many of the 1880s trees were destroyed and others stripped of their leaves. Subsequently, the Townsville City Council erected a plaque in the park, to commemorate the role of the Australian Army in the restoration of Townsville after the cyclone.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the Battle of the Coral Sea Commemorations in 1992, the gardens in Anzac memorial Park were replanted and most of the memorial structures were cleaned and/or repainted. A large Coral Sea Battle Memorial was built to the north of the Centenary Fountain. The memorial commemorates the role of Australian and American servicemen in the Battle of the Coral Sea in 1942. About the same period, a new children&#39;s play area was created between the bandstand and the Centenary Fountain.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Anzac Memorial Park extends along the foreshore overlooking Cleveland Bay, with views to Magnetic Island. It is bordered to the west by Tobruk Memorial Baths, to the south by The Strand, to the east by the Townsville Bowls Club, and to the north by reclaimed land forming part of a recent marina development. The park is surrounded by a low concrete edging with obelisk-like pillars at regular intervals. Steel chains stretch between the pillars along the sea front (to the north) only.</p><br>
<p>There are mature Banyan trees along The Strand boundary, just outside the park reserve, and early garden beds along the street and throughout the park. More recently planted palm trees are scattered throughout the park.</p><br>
<p>Anzac Memorial Park forms a garden setting for a number of adjacent buildings of cultural heritage significance, including the former Queen&#39;s Hotel and former Customs House along The Strand, further up on Wickham Street, the State Government Offices and at the corner of Cleveland Terrace and Melton Terrace, the former Supreme Court Building.</p><br>
<p>Anzac Memorial Park contains a number of memorial structures. The memorial Bandstand is centrally placed at the eastern end of the park. West of this are newly established gardens and a recent childrens playground. In the centre of the park, opposite the main entrance gates to The Strand and Wickham Street, is the 1959 Queensland Centenary Fountain. To the north of the Fountain is a 1992 memorial to the Battle of the Coral Sea. The entrance gates, Fountain and Coral Sea Memorial form a north-south axis which bisects the park. West of the fountain is the First World War Memorial, also centrally located. At the western end of the park is the WJ Castling Memorial, again, centrally positioned. The WJ Castling Memorial, First World War Memorial, Queensland Centenary Fountain, and the Bandstand, form an axis east-west, and each is set in a paved surround within the grassed area of the parks centre.</p><br>
<h3>W J Castling Memorial, 1908</h3><br>
<p>The W J Castling memorial drinking fountain is an exercise in the use of classical elements, based on a simple square form plan with an attic storey raised on Ionic columns.</p><br>
<p>The structure derives from the Roman triumphal arch, with its four columns standing on pedestals and rising to an entablature, above which is the attic storey with a semicircular decorative motif. The arches have been displaced by the capitals, and occur within the structure as a shallow dome above the central urn on its octagonal base.</p><br>
<p>The curves of a basilica roof are reduced to a convex pyramidal form, topped with a decorative carved finial.</p><br>
<p>Carved of yellow sandstone, the columns, roof and urn are supported on a plinth and attached column bases of white marble. A basin has been formed in marble on each side of the drinking fountain.</p><br>
<h3>Bandstand, 1913</h3><br>
<p>The bandstand is also an exercise in the language of classical architecture, using a simple square form plan with a pyramidal roof raised on composite order columns. The Mannerist composition of the screen derives from the Renaissance illustrations of the classical orders, in which the elements of the entablature surmounting the capital are interpreted as panels of open space between flat pilasters.</p><br>
<p>The frieze band of the entablature is infilled with decorative cast iron panels, framed between chamfered square section timber posts and visually supported on corner brackets to the underside of the taenia, or plate that separates the frieze from the architrave below.</p><br>
<p>Panels of decorative cast iron are fixed between columns to form a continuous balustrade, broken only at the top of the steps where it meets round iron posts with ball finials. Paired columns at each corner are infilled with frieze panels above and balustrading below, with curved corner brackets at each junction to form an egg-shaped opening in the screen.</p><br>
<p>Columns are set on a base of rendered brickwork, set one metre above the surrounding garden beds with rendered steps and curved strings.</p><br>
<p>Within the bandstand is a recent hardwood boarded floor, and a flat VJ lined ceiling extending beyond the screen of the walls to form boxed eaves stopped at a deep timber fascia.</p><br>
<p>The roof is sheeted in corrugated galvanised iron, and has a turned timber finial. The structure is finished in a green plastic paint except for the floorboards which are unpainted and the ceiling and finial which are painted off-white. There is no guttering nor rainwater goods, and the original interior light fitting is missing.</p><br>
<h3>First World War Memorial, 1923–24</h3><br>
<p>This memorial is a column of rough cut, rusticated grey granite supported on a red-white marble plinth and bracketed by three white marble fins each supported by triple columns on attached bases. The column is finished with a projecting abacus of granite, and is supported on a concrete stylobate of two steps, surfaced in red granite chips.</p><br>
<p>White marble tablets are fixed to the column between the fins, and high on the column&#39;s four faces are inset circular bronze plaques, each sheltered by a narrow bracketed shelf of white marble. The four plaques depict an eagle, crossed swords, anchor, and the seal of the City of Townsville, and replace four clock faces.</p><br>
<h3>Queensland Centenary Fountain, 1959</h3><br>
<p>This is a circular fountain approximately 1 metre high with central sprays. It sits in a shallow pool fed by perimeter sprays set in a low masonry ring.</p><br>
<h3>Battle of the Coral Sea Memorial, 1992</h3><br>
<p>Earth is banked in a glacis against two low, outward-sloping walls that form two facing quadrants around a circular paved area.</p><br>
<p>The walls rise in an arc to a height of about one metre in their centre, and are finished in red granite. The lettering and illustrations that tell the story of the Battle of the Coral Sea are picked out in contrasting rough and smooth finishes on the surfaces of the walls.</p><br>
<p>Within the paved area are two truncated columns, bearing bronze information plaques.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Anzac Memorial Park was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Since the early 20th century, the park has provided a community focus for commemorative activities, and contains a number of memorials to events or persons of significance in Townsville&#39;s history, including the WJ Castling Memorial (1908), the Bandstand (1913), the First World War Memorial (1923–24), the Queensland Centenary Fountain (1959) and the Battle of the Coral Sea Memorial (1992).</p><br>
<p>The First World War Memorial is a member of a class of commemorative structures erected as a record of the local impact of a major historical event and intended to endure, and along with the renaming of the park as Anzac Memorial Park, survives as evidence of a widespread social movement expressing Australian patriotism and nationalism in the interwar period.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Centenary Fountain is significant as Townsville City Councils major contribution to the celebration of the centenary of Queenslands separation from New South Wales in 1859.</p><br>
<p>The adjacent mature Banyan trees are significant as some of the earliest surviving street plantings in Townsville.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The WJ Castling Memorial and the Bandstand are finely detailed, classically derived structures that reflect the Mannerism of the Victorian and Edwardian Periods and the tradition of constructing public buildings in a classical style.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The bandstand in particular is an aesthetically pleasing and skilfully executed composition based on the language of classical architecture. Furthermore, the principal original elements of the composition are intact. The WJ Castling Memorial is significant for its craftsmanship and intactness.</p><br>
<p>The First World War Memorial is a dominant structure in Anzac Park, and in its aesthetic quality and craftsmanship, makes a significant contribution to the townscape quality of the park.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The establishment of the park was closely connected with civic leader and publican John Henry Tyack and the re-development of the Queens Hotel opposite, and for the first half of the 20th century, remained one of Townsville&#39;s principal tourist attractions.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Anzac Memorial Park are important for their association with The Strand and Cleveland Bay foreshore as one of the earliest recreation venues in Townsville.</p><br>
<p>Since the early 20th century, the park has provided a community focus for commemorative activities, and contains a number of memorials to events or persons of significance in Townsville&#39;s history, including the WJ Castling Memorial (1908), the Bandstand (1913), the First World War Memorial (1923–24), the Queensland Centenary Fountain (1959) and the Battle of the Coral Sea Memorial (1992).</p><br>
<p>The Cisterns of La Malga or Cisterns of La Mâalga are a group of cisterns, which are among the most visible features of the archaeological site of Carthage near Tunis, Tunisia. They are some of the best preserved Roman cisterns.</p><br>
<p>The cisterns, with a capacity of, received water from a branch of the Zaghouan Aqueduct (exactly which branch remains uncertain). They were designed to provide the water supply for Carthage, the most important city of Africa Proconsulare during the High Empire, and especially to supply the Baths of Antoninus.</p><br>
<p>As part of the site of Carthage, the cisterns are clased as a World Heritage site by UNESCO. On 17 February 2012, the Tunisian government proposed that the whole Zaghouan-Carthage Roman hydraulic complex, of which they are a part, should be classed as a world heritage site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The large, relatively well-preserved cisterns are located on the north side of the ancient Roman city. They were not the only largest cisterns of Carthage, but existed alongside others: the "basins of Hamilcar" and those located on the hill of Bordj Djedid.</p><br>
<p>From the Middle Ages, the cisterns were used as makeshift houses, stables, barns or cellars by the local populations; a practice which continued until the twentieth century. For a long time this prevented archaeological investigation of the complex.</p><br>
<p>According to Al Idrisi, there were at least 24 cisterns in a single line, each with a length of 130 pace and a width of 26 pace - though Henri Saladin considered this width too high. According to Christian Tuxen Falbe, there were fifteen cisterns which were in width and four ruined cisterns a little to the west and each of these nineteen cisterns had a length of.</p><br>
<p>There is an active project to conserve and restore the site, and to develop a museum space devoted to it.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The group of cisterns forms a rectangular space measuring x. Each cistern is composed of a vaulted space, long, wide and high (excluding the vault), with a total capacity of. There are fifteen individual cisterns, which are separated from one another and arranged in parallel.</p><br>
<p>Each vault has about ten circular openings. A cistern which distributed water to the others is aligned perpendicular to the others. A subsidiary aqueduct derived from the Zaghouan Aqueduct ran alongside the distribution cistern and supplied it with water through openings on its edge.</p><br>
<p>The presence of numerous circular openings on top of the each cistern&#39;s vault appear to be openings for water to escape through when the cisterns were too full or for collecting rain water. However, it is probable that the cisterns were actually surmounted by another level of tanks - in the same manner as Gallo-Roman two-story reservoirs.</p><br>
<p>The large cisterns were relied upon by the vast bath complex of Antoninus. The water flowed down from the cisterns to the baths through underground pipes.</p><br>
<p>In the immediate neighbourhood of the cisterns are other important sites: the, the villa of Scorpianus and some mausoleums, one of which has been re-constructed in a special room of the Bardo National Museum.</p><br>
<p>Amatérská Cave  is part of longest cave system in the Moravia, Czech Republic. It is also famous for archaeological discoveries. Except for the entrance, the cave is not accessible to the public, although occasionally it is opened for visitors.</p><br>
<p>The cave is located in the northern part of the Moravian Karst, between the town of Sloup and the village of Ostrov.</p><br>
<p>Amatérská Cave is the longest cave system in the Czech Republic with a length of over 40 km-40,070 m.</p><br>
<p>The cave system is bound on two main underground streames: Bila voda and Sloupsky potok, (in underground) creating the River Punkva inside Amatérská Cave. The whole system is created by the connection of (semi) separate caves: Nová Rasovna, Pikova Dama, Spiralka, 13C, Amaterska Cave, the Sloupsko-sosuvske Caves, the Punkevni Caves and Macocha Abbys.</p><br>
<h2>Description of underground system</h2><br>
<p>Amatérská Cave is the connection between the water sinks of Sloupský Potok and Bila Voda and the water resurgence of the Punkva River, which is created inside Amatérská Cave by a connection of both main water streams. The cave itself is characterised by extensive tunnel passages with varying amounts of fluvial deposits and screes. The passages sometimes change into big domes.</p><br>
<p>Those passages represent a higher cave level of about 20 m above the lower cave level where the rivers are still active. In some parts of the cave (Sloupsky Corridor, Labyrint of Milan Slechta), even more such cave levels can be found. The lowest part of the system is always under water and its exploration can only be done by using cave diving techniques.</p><br>
<p>Amaterska Cave can be divided into 3 main parts: Sloupsky Corridor, Bila voda branch together with Old Amaterska cave and Macossky Corridor. Amatérská Cave can be entered by one natural entrance in Cikansky Sink Hole or through an artificial one under Konsky Spad in Pusty Zleb canyon.</p><br>
<h2>History of discovery and of explorations</h2><br>
<p>The history of explorations of the entire system already began in the early 18th century. Already in 1723 Lazarus Shopper realised the first descend into Macocha Abyss. In 1800 a first map of the Sloupské Caves (the small lateral part of whole system only) was created. Systematic research began in the second half of the 19th century, when Dr.Jindrich Wankel and Martin Kriz published the first scientific studies of the Northern Part of Moravian Karst. Prof. Karel Absolons was the first to define a theoretical connection between the Sloupsko-sosuvske Caves, Nova Rasovna cave and Macocha gorge at the beginning of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>He spent his whole life working on the clarification of this speleological problem. He only partly</p><br>
<p>succeeded, but Amaterská Cave as a main key to this problem was explored in 1969 by the Planivy Caving Club. In 18. January 1969 were main part of Amatérská Cave (Stará-The old) discovered. Catastrophic stormwater flooding 29. 8. 1970 and tragic death of amateur speleologists Milan Šlechta and Marko Zahradníček after, gave name the cave. Within a short period of time, corridors connecting caves from a water sink in Nova Rasovna up to the resurgence in Punkevni cave were explored. The last unfinished part between</p><br>
<p>Amaterska cave and the Sloupsko-sosuvecke Caves remained unexplored until 2005.</p><br>
<p>The cave contains a Neolithic picture, currently the oldest cave painting known in the Czech Republic. It depicts a geometrical shape resembling a grill with a size of 30x40 cm, painted in charcoal on the cave wall. The carbon was dated with the C14 radio-carbon method to be 5,200 years old. The pattern resembles the decorations on some ceramic vessels from that period.</p><br>
<p>The gulf of Castellammare is a large and deep natural inlet going from Capo Rama  and Capo San Vito near San Vito Lo Capo, in the province of Trapani. It is located on the western coast of Sicily and it faces the Tyrrhenian Sea.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the Roman period the gulf of Castellammare was called "Sinus Aegestanus", referring to the ancient town of Segesta, which still has some ruins (the temple and the theatre).</p><br>
<p>In 1714 it was called "golfo di Longuro or Longarico" by Guglielmo del&#39;Isle in his geographical map, referring to the old town centre existing near the present Alcamo.</p><br>
<h2>Municipalities</h2><br>
<p>Along the gulf from east to west are, in sequence, the communes of Terrasini, Trappeto, Balestrate, Alcamo, Castellammare del Golfo and San Vito Lo Capo. The small town of Castellammare del Golfo, which gives its name to the gulf itself, is in its centre.</p><br>
<p>In 2001 local governments constituted the association "Sviluppo del Golfo" (Gulf Development), and in its ambit they founded the "Patto Territoriale Golfo di Castellammare", an initiative by different local authorities and representatives of social and economic parties having as a scope the local development of the Gulf of Castellammare. In this agreement the participants are the municipalities of this gulf and those near it, various associations and the Banca Don Rizzo.</p><br>
<p>In 2010 they also formed the "Local Action Group Gulf of Castellammare", involving different communes, economic subjects, associations and professional organizations, to form a joint plan of local development for the territory of the Gulf of Castellammare.</p><br>
<h2>Tourist attractions</h2><br>
<p>On the eastern end of the gulf is the, while west of Castellammare towards San Vito Lo Capo is the Zingaro nature reserve (Riserva naturale dello Zingaro), and Scopello with its stacks and almadraba (tonnara).</p><br>
<p>The W. J. Armstrong Company Wholesale Grocers Building is a historic warehouse in Waseca, Minnesota, United States, constructed around the year 1900. It was built to house a wholesale grocery business and placed to take advantage of the nearby Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway tracks. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for having local significance in the themes of commerce and transportation. It was nominated for being one of the best preserved trackside buildings associated with Waseca&#39;s economic development as a rail hub. The building is now part of the Miller–Armstrong Center, a redeveloped complex containing restaurants, a conference center, and lodging.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Constructed of red brick, the rectangular building rises three stories and has some decorative brickwork along the roofline. The property was designed with a small front lawn to blend into what was at the time a mixed commercial and residential neighborhood, owing to the early-20th-century need of workers to live close to their places of employment.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Situated at the junction of the Winona and St. Peter Railroad and the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway by 1867, Waseca quickly attracted many businesses and industries wishing easy access to rail transportation. W. J. Armstrong Company Wholesale Grocers built their warehouse around 1900, served by its own rail siding. The building continued to house a wholesale grocery business at the time of the property&#39;s National Register nomination in 1982, though truck transportation had long since replaced trains.</p><br>
<p>The Whitingham Village Historic District encompasses much of the current village center of Whitingham, Vermont. It was developed mainly in the second half of the 19th century around industries powered by local water sources, and includes well-preserved architecture from that period. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The present village of Whitingham was established in 1822, when a mineral spring with supposed healing properties was found in the area. Sadawga Brook, which feeds the Deerfield River via Harriman Reservoir, drops substantially after leaving Sadawga Lake, and provided a source of water power for industries. By 1840 the village included a gristmill, sawmill, and wood turning shop, along with a small cluster of homes. This economic growth led to the villages increasing importance, resulting in the movement of the towns civic center there from a nearby hill in the 1860s. The village began to decline economically in the early decades of the 20th century, and the sites of some of its mills were flooded by the construction of Harriman Dam in 1924, while others succumbed to fire.</p><br>
<p>The historic village center is stretched along Vermont Route 100, roughly between Sadawga Lake Road and Brook Street, and extends north along School Street almost to Maple Drive. A few properties on Brook Street and Stimpson Hill Road that lie adjacent to these are also included. Most of the buildings in the district are residential wood frame structures, in vernacular interpretations of the Greek Revival and Gothic Revival. Other buildings of note are the Greek Revival Whitingham Community Church (1862), Green Mountain Hall (formerly the c. 1860 Universalist Church, also Greek Revival), and the c. 1870 Number Nine Schoolhouse.</p><br>
<p>Queen&#39;s Hotel is a heritage-listed former hotel at 12 The Strand, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1902 to 1920s. It is also known as the Telecasters North Queensland Ltd Building. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Queen&#39;s Hotel, a large, two-storeyed masonry building, was erected in several stages between 1902 and the mid-1920s. It was considered the finest hotel in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Townsvilles first Queens Hotel, a two-storeyed timber structure, was erected at the corner of Wickham Street and The Strand in 1872, and was extended along Wickham Street in the 1880s. It early acquired a reputation as one of the best kept hotels in Queensland, patronised by visiting dignitaries.</p><br>
<p>In 1899 the property and license were purchased by John Henry Tyack. He raised a £14,000 mortgage on the property, and called for competitive designs to replace the timber building with a substantial brick structure. The winning entry was submitted by architects Eaton, Bates & Polin, who had opened an office in Townsville c.1901. Eaton & Bates had trained in Sydney, but by the turn of the century their principal offices were in Brisbane, with branch offices in Rockhampton, Townsville and Toowoomba. Arthur Polin was managing partner of the Townsville office.</p><br>
<p>The original design was more modest in size than the final structure, extending along the Strand only as far as the eastern tower, and around the corner of Wickham Street for eight bays. It was erected in stages, with trade continuing from the original hotel on the corner of Wickham Street and the Strand until 1925. In 1901, Tyack purchased an adjoining block (site of the former North Australian Hotel) along the Strand, which permitted construction of the first section of the new Queens Hotel, comprising the eastern tower and four bays to its west, c.1902. This section was extant by March 1903. In May 1904, Tyack replaced the first mortgage with one for £20,000, which probably financed construction of the second section, completed by 1905. This involved demolition of part of the timber building along the Strand, and the extension of the brick building a further six bays toward the corner of Wickham Street. The contractor was a Mr Boyle, and work was underway in January 1904. For the next twenty years, Queens Hotel consisted of a brick wing along the Strand, and a corner timber section which continued back along Wickham Street.</p><br>
<p>Publican John Tyack continued the tradition of fine service and hospitality at the Queens. He was active also in civic affairs, and, as Mayor of Townsville in 1912, encouraged council improvements along the Strand and foreshore in front of the Queens Hotel. This included the 1913 construction of a cast-iron bandstand, with balustrading to match that on the hotel. Tyack died in 1913, prior to construction of the final stages of his grand hotel.</p><br>
<p>Following Tyacks death, the hotel was placed in the hands of Queensland Trustees Ltd, who transferred the various properties to Queens Hotel Townsville Ltd in 1924-25. At the same time, Queen&#39;s Hotel Townsville Ltd acquired three adjoining allotments along the Strand, which permitted the construction of a further 10 bays of the hotel toward the east. The remaining timber section of the hotel was demolished, and the western tower and Wickham Street wing were completed.</p><br>
<p>The 1920s additions and alterations, costing approximately £40,000, were designed by respected Townsville architect Walter Hunt, and constructed by established Townsville contractor WH Turner. Work was underway by the end of 1924, and the eastern extension, comprising 48 rooms, was completed in mid-1925. The timber building was demolished in late 1925, in preparation for the next stage of the new building. The section at the corner of the Strand and Wickham Street was erected in 1925-26, and occupied in August 1926. This ground floor of this section comprised the main entrance hall, extensions to dining room and lounge, offices, and bars; bedrooms and balconies occupied the first floor. A detached block at the rear, comprising kitchen and scullery on the ground floor and bathrooms and toilets on the first, was erected at the same time. The final stage along Wickham Street was erected in 1926-28. Work was commenced in mid-1926, but a 1927 strike in the building industry delayed its completion. Included in this wing were parlours, a commercial room, nursery, servants&#39; dining room, two shops and some bedrooms on the ground floor, and bedrooms on the first floor.</p><br>
<p>Through the 1920s and 1930s, when the license was held by Bridget Mary Guinane, Queens Hotel retained its reputation as North Queenslands premier hotel. During the Second World War, when Townsville was the principal Australian base from which the Pacific war was fought, the Queens Hotel was occupied as an American army officers mess. After the war, the hotel fell into gradual decline. In 1966, Far Northern Theatres Ltd acquired the property, and demolished several bays at the end of each wing. The building was sold to Townsville firm Samuel Allen & Sons Ltd in 1973, and in 1977 was acquired by Telecasters North Queensland Ltd, who restored the exterior and converted the interior into television and radio studios and offices.</p><br>
<p>In August 2015, a $250M redevelopment of the area to be called the King Street Precinct was proposed, which would include residential, cultural and commercial elements, but with no specific plan for the re-use of the former Queens Hotel. As at January 2016, the former Queens Hotel is available for lease as office space.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Queen&#39;s Hotel, located on the southern side of The Strand and returning into Wickham Street, is a two-storeyed structure containing television studios and offices built of English Bond brickwork with rendered detailing. The brickwork has been sandblasted to remove a coat of paint, and the building has a hipped ribbed metal roof, similar in form to the original roof.</p><br>
<p>The Strand elevation shows Art Nouveau and Indian/Colonial influences in its design, including turrets crowned by cupolas framing low tower forms along the northern frontage, decorative render panels, wide eaves and arcaded loggias to the ground floor with verandahs above. The two large and two small tower forms differ slightly in their design and proportions, with the two larger having a broad, recessed arched entry with a recessed loggia above and surmounted by a steep pitch ribbed metal roof. The smaller forms are surmounted by a rounded pediment. Sections of the ground floor arcaded loggias are enclosed with timber framed glazing, and the open sections have cast iron balustrade and french doors with fanlights. The verandah, off which french doors with fanlights also open, has paired timber posts with cast iron balustrade and valance. Metal stanchions have been added to the face of the brickwork for the purpose of tying the roof down, and sections of floor have been replaced with concrete. Four bays of the eastern end of the building have been demolished and the verandah now returns along this face to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The Wickham Street elevation has a rendered corner parapet and a timber verandah with paired posts, timber brackets to the ground floor and cast iron balustrade and valance to the first floor. The southern end of the building has been demolished, and the facade altered, with window and door openings having been enclosed or moved.</p><br>
<p>The rear of the building has been substantially altered, with only one of the original masonry two-storeyed toilet blocks remaining, and a large television studio and communication equipment have been added. Sections of the rear verandah remain as internal corridor, off which french doors with fanlights open. The rear of the site contains carparking. Internally, the building has been substantially altered. The entrance hall contains a carved cedar staircase with a twin return, two figurine lamps on the bottom balusters and leadlight sash windows at the landing. This space has a raised ceiling with plaster mouldings including a deep cornice with recessed lighting, laurel relief, ornamental ventilation panels and a centre glazed skylight, which no longer admits natural light. There are sections of original joinery throughout the building, including doors with etched glass panels into the former dining room, internal doors, architraves and skirtings.</p><br>
<p>The building has false ceilings and air conditioning throughout. There are sections of marble tiled floor in the foyer and former Palm Lounge, now the Telecine room, but they do not match early photographs of these areas. The first floor is mostly office space, with the former bedrooms being enlarged by the removal of partition walls.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Queen&#39;s Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Queen&#39;s Hotel, erected in several stages between 1902 and the mid-1920s, was once the premier hotel of North Queensland, and survives as important evidence of the evolution of Townsville as the principal city of North Queensland by the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Sufficient of the fabric remains to understand the building as a large, ostentatious, two-storeyed masonry hotel, and to illustrate the work of Queensland architects Eaton, Bates and Polin.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong association with the Townsville community as a local landmark, and is significant aesthetically for the composition and massing of the buildings architectural elements, the quality of the buildings surviving interior elements, and its contribution to The Strand streetscape and Townsville townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong association with the Townsville community as a local landmark, and is significant aesthetically for the composition and massing of the buildings architectural elements, the quality of the buildings surviving interior elements, and its contribution to The Strand streetscape and Townsville townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Sufficient of the fabric remains to understand the building as a large, ostentatious, two-storeyed masonry hotel, and to illustrate the work of Queensland architects Eaton, Bates and Polin.</p><br>
<p>Townsville School of Arts is a heritage-listed former school of arts and now community cultural centre at Stanley Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Eyre & Munro and built in 1891 by James Smith. It is also known as Dance North and Townsville Arts Centre. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The School of Arts building was designed by Townsville architects Eyre and Munro. It was constructed by local builder James Smith and opened in May 1891. The first Mechanic&#39;s Institutes or Schools of Arts were established in Britain in the early 1800s and were intended to assist self improvement and to promote moral, social and intellectual growth, by providing lectures, discussions and lending libraries to a rising middle class. At the time there were no free public libraries and books were expensive, so that access to books by borrowing as subscribers provided an important service. The first School of Arts committee in Queensland was established in Brisbane in 1849 with the aim of "the advancement of the community in literary, philosophic and scientific subjects". As towns and districts became established, local committees were formed to set up schools of arts, which became one of the principal sources of adult education. The government recognised this by making land available, subsidising books and assisting with building costs. Most Schools of Arts also had a hall with a stage which could be hired, thus encouraging the arts as well as providing a source of revenue.</p><br>
<p>The first School of Arts committee met in Townsville in 1866 and comprised a number of leading citizens including the town&#39;s founders, Captain Robert Towns and Mr John Melton Black. Townsville had been established only two years previously as a port and commercial centre for the pastoral industry north of the Burdekin. It was gazetted as a port of entry in 1865 and grew quickly. The School of Arts began modestly in a small rented cottage with a foundation library of 30 books. It soon moved to larger premises, but did not acquire a permanent home until 1877 when a substantial building was constructed on a reserve granted for the purpose on Melton Hill. Gradually the business heart of the city moved westward so that by 1889 it was believed that the School of Arts on Melton Hill was too far from the centre of town.</p><br>
<p>The Melton Hill property was sold to the Queensland Government for conversion to a court building and a new site was purchased on the corner of Stanley and Walker Streets. A design competition was held for the new building and was won by Townsville architects Eyre and Munro. Walter Eyre was an architect, engineer and surveyor. He trained in England and arriving in Brisbane in 1880, worked in the office of his cousin, FDG Stanley, from 1881 until he was appointed City Engineer of Townsville in 1885. In 1887 he left to set up in practice as an architect and soon gained enough work to take on WHA Munro as a junior partner. The firm supervised the work of southern architects as well as designing buildings and were responsible for a number of major works in north Queensland before the firm ceased operations in 1892. Their design for the School of Arts was constructed by local builder James Smith and was opened in May 1891 with a debutante ball on opening night and a concert on the 27 May.</p><br>
<p>The new building had meeting rooms and class rooms on the ground floor with a large library above. Classes were held in such subjects as drawing, singing and woodwork. The first gas cooking classes in Townsville were held here in 1895 utilising a specially installed Darren gas cooker. Connected to this building was a theatre building, originally called Her Majestys, which could seat 600 people. This was a large rectangular space rising to 2 storey height with a stage flanked by extensions housing dressing rooms. It was used by many visiting theatrical groups and performers, including a Chinese Opera company in 1894. It was the towns leading theatrical venue until the second Theatre Royal opened in 1900, although it continued to be popular after this, Nellie Melba appearing at the theatre in 1909. His Majesty&#39;s (as it was later renamed when King Edward VII succeeded Queen Victoria) was also the venue for the first Aboriginal stage performance in Townsville when a variety company, formed by local Aborigines performed there in 1907. Boxing matches were also held there.</p><br>
<p>The building suffered cyclone damage from Cyclone Sigma in 1896 and again by Cyclone Leonta in 1903 when the offices were unroofed and the theatre was partially demolished. This damage was repaired in 1904 by the architects Tunbridge and Tunbridge. By this time it had become obvious that the theatre was too small and in 1913 the size of the auditorium was increased by an extension at the Walker Street end.</p><br>
<p>During the Depression the cessation of government subsidies to Schools of Arts spelt the end for many of them. The Townsville School of Arts remained in use until the 1930s, although the verandahs were enclosed and a single storey office building was attached on the Walker Street side between 1929 and 1934. Alternatives for education and leisure activities and the Libraries Act of 1943, which provided for free lending libraries, all contributed to the gradual closure of Schools of Arts around the state.</p><br>
<p>This change was slightly anticipated Townsville in 1938 when the Trustees resigned and vested the assets of the School of Arts in the Townsville City Council as Trustee, creating the first free public lending library in Australia. In 1941 the building was requisitioned by the Defence authorities and became the main RAAF postal office for the Pacific region. After the war it became the offices of the newly formed Townsville Regional Electricity Board. They vacated the building in 1963 and the Northern Electricity Authority occupied the building, moving out in 1968. The building then remained vacant for some time.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1960s the Townsville Arts Centre Association formed and in 1976 the building underwent extensive renovation. It became an arts centre, used as the office of the Pacific Festival (1970–1995) and a base for the Townsville Little Theatre and a community radio station, 4TTT. It is home to the North Queensland Ballet and Dance Co Ltd commonly known as Dance North. Further work to the building was carried out in the 1990s during which the upper verandah was reinstated.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the building is known as the SOA (School of Arts) Theatre and is home to Dance North (now styled Dancenorth) and TheatreiNQ, a professional/amateur theatre company as well as hosting touring productions and other events.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Townsville School of Arts building is located on the corner of Stanley and Walker Streets and comprises a two storey structure with an adjoining theatre building running parallel to its rear and accessed from Walker Street and from within the School of Arts building.</p><br>
<p>Both buildings are constructed of exposed face brick and are roofed in corrugated iron. The former School of Arts building is two storeys high and is fronted on the Stanley Street elevation by brick columns, square in plan, rising from rendered plinths through both storeys to create deep verandahs. The verandah at street level is reached by low steps and has decorative iron railings and matching gates. The front entrance is through double doors flanked by sash windows. The upper floor has cross-braced timber balustrading to the verandah above a deep timber valance. The verandah is accessed by french doors with transom lights above. The ground floor houses offices, toilet facilities, lobbies and the main foyer. A timber staircase gives access from the foyer to the first floor which is divided into two sections by an arch and which it is intended to use as dance space.</p><br>
<p>The single storey extension at the corner of Stanley and Walker Streets is also brick and is similar in style and finish to the main building. The opposite side of the Stanley Street elevation has a brick arch which leads onto a passageway.</p><br>
<p>The theatre is a large rectangular building divided into bays externally by shallow brick piers. There is an entrance onto Walker Street and the rear has large doors which were designed to allow for the movement of scenery and large props. Inside, the building has a large auditorium with a timber floor and a stage area which has a basement beneath. On the northern side of the building, the dressing room bay has been extended by the construction of a 1960s brick amenities block. This has been modified as dressing rooms and a performers area. On the southern side an extension runs the length of the building and houses the studios and offices of the 4TTT radio station.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Townsville School of Arts was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The School of Arts building is important as part of the network of Schools of Arts which sprang up in any town of consequence in Queensland during the 19th and early 20th centuries and were a measure of prosperity and progress. The scale, material and form of the building amply demonstrate the wealth and importance of Townsville as a regional centre at this period. Schools of Arts were community based and played a valuable educational and social role in the dissemination of information and the provision of facilities for lectures and meetings and the staging of events such as balls, plays and concerts. They were an important stage in the development of adult education in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is a good example of a School of Arts building in a major regional centre, originally comprising a library, meeting rooms and a theatre designed to provide the facilities for a wide range of community cultural events and needs.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>As a prominent and well designed building, the Townsville School of Arts makes an important contribution to the built character of Townsville in form, scale, material and because of its location close to the town centre.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The School of Arts building is important for its connection with the community of Townsville and the surrounding district as an integral part of the social and community life of the town.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Townsville School of Arts building is a major work of the North Queensland architectural firm of Eyre and Munro.</p><br>
<p>Townsville State Government Offices is a heritage-listed office building at 12-14 Wickham Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Andrew Baxter Leven and built from 1935 to 1937 by relief workers. It is also known as Lands Department and Townsville Public Offices. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 January 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Townsville Government Offices were constructed in 1935-7 as part of a Queensland Government employment scheme. The Public Works Department was responsible for the design of the buildings, the Chief Architect of the time being Andrew Baxter Leven.</p><br>
<p>Townsville was proclaimed a town in 1866. It experienced its first phase of major growth when gold was discovered in the nearby town of Ravenswood in 1868. The construction of the Great Northern railway line and the development of the beef industry in the north, created modest growth in Townsville in the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>A "new" Lands Office was built in Townsville about 1885. However, despite repairs in the early 1930s, it was decided to move the Lands Department into a new Queensland Government building housing a number of government departments.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s Depression, Labor Premier, William Forgan Smith established a government-initiated works scheme under the Income (Unemployment Relief) Act (1930) to create employment. This involved the employment of architects, foremen, construction workers and the use of local materials for the construction of government buildings such as court houses, government offices, schools and council halls. The Townsville State Government Offices is a fine example of work undertaken through this scheme.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by the office of the Queensland Government Architect. The Chief Architect at this time was Andrew Baxter Leven. From 1910 to 1951 Leven was employed by the Queensland Government Works Department and was Chief Architect and Quantity Surveyor from 1933 to 1951. Other members of the office involved in the design DFW Roberts and HJ Parr.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor of the offices was to accommodate the Labour Agent and officers of the Lands Department, and the first floor was to provide offices for staff of the Department of Agriculture and Stock, Department of Public Works and Workers Dwellings, and the Machinery Inspector, Health Inspector, Land court room and visiting Ministers room.</p><br>
<p>The State Government Offices is typical of the tradition of high standards in design and construction of the Public Works Department, and one of a group of government buildings constructed by the Department influenced by a classical revival style, including the Innisfail and Mackay Court Houses and the Cairns Government Office. The State Government Offices in Townsville were designed to harmonise with the adjacent Customs House. The area around Flinders Street (East) and The Strand including Wickham Street where the State Government Offices are situated, was the site of the first settlement in Townsville.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the building has been divided into a number of separate tenancies with the upper floor of the building available for lease as professional offices. The Australian Red Cross are one of the tenants.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Townsville State Government Offices is a two-storeyed brick building with basement and a hipped corrugated-iron roof. The facade of the building features two projecting end bays with round arched window and door openings. Between the bays is a two storey colonnade with open verandahs. A centrally located bi-furcated staircase emphasises the entrance. The building is decorated with classical design features including the round arched openings and prominent keystones and eaves.</p><br>
<p>The balconies and verandahs are designed as a response to the Townsville climate and allow for cross-ventilation of all rooms and offices. The balcony floors are of concrete and the ground floor verandahs, entrance hall and main staircase are finished in terrazzo.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Townsville State Government Offices was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 January 1995 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Townsville State Government Offices is an example of construction work undertaken under the unemployment relief scheme instigated by the State Government in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Townsville State Government Offices, erected in 1935-37, is significant as a good example of the work of the Queensland Works Department, influenced by a classical revival style.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building complements the adjacent Townsville Customs House, and is harmonious in scale and form, making a significant contribution to the townscape.</p><br>
<p>Tattersalls Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 87 Flinders Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It is also known as Molly Malone&#39;s Irish Pub. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The City of Townsville was established in 1864 as a port for rapidly developing pastoral districts in the hinterland. John Melton Black, who had pastoral runs in the Cleveland Bay area, formed a partnership with Robert Towns to secure financial backing for plans to establish a port at the mouth of Ross Creek. The port was proclaimed in October 1865 and by the end of the year the population was between 100-200 people. Townsville was proclaimed a municipality in 1866 and became the centre of substantial and continuous growth, particularly with the discovery of five major goldfields in the vicinity within six years.</p><br>
<p>Wharves, stores, shops, hotels and housing were rapidly established at the new port. The land now at the corner of Wickham and Flinders Streets proved an ideal location for a hotel. Opposite the wharves, the site was first developed by Hermann de Zoet & Company as the "Townsville Boarding House, Cleveland Bay" in 1865. In December 1865 de Zoet applied for a licence for the Townsville on the same site at the corner of Flinders and Wickham Street.</p><br>
<p>The original hotel was a single storey timber building of simple design incorporating two sitting rooms and four bed rooms with an awning facing both streets. In 1866 Joseph Fletcher and Bernard O&#39;Neill purchased the property, retaining the hotel for six months before selling in December to Alexander Mollison.</p><br>
<p>In March 1867 the township experienced its first cyclone which destroyed the hotel and much of the town. Mollison rebuilt the hotel in a matter of weeks and reopened with "a Grand Ball". However by the time he reopened the hotel he had exhausted his funds and he died the following year. The place was purchased by James Evans who renamed the hotel Tattersalls. This name evoked the model of sporting clubs established in Britain and their connection with horse racing, a sport which Evans was actively involved in. At this time Townsvilles Tattersalls Hotel was only the second Tattersalls in Queensland, a club having been established in Adelaide Street, Brisbane in 1856.</p><br>
<p>On 11 April 1868 the Cleveland Bay Express featured a tender notice for a two storey extension to the hotel. The decision to expand was probably due to both economic and environmental factors. Recent gold discoveries had brought more mining prospectors to the town, and a better class of hotel was required to compete with the likes of the popular Criterion and Exchange hotels. A decision to construct out of brick may also have been a direct response to the cyclone the previous year.</p><br>
<p>The new section in Wickham Street consisted of two, two-storeyed buildings. Both were constructed of imported brick, as brickworks were not yet established in Townsville. When travelling down Wickham Street from The Strand, the first of the two new buildings was a plain building with access from the street. The next building adjoining the 1865 timber hotel featured a balcony with a timber balustrade which incorporated simple cross braced panels and a facia with an unusual corrugated decoration.</p><br>
<p>Evans incorporated an "American Bowling Saloon" to attract clients, provide entertainment and fill the void of bowling activity left after the destruction of the saloon at Hamilton&#39;s Hotel in Denham Street by the 1867 cyclone.</p><br>
<p>Although Flinders Street may have been the commercial centre of the township, Wickham Street was the administrative core. By the end of the 1860s it contained the Court and Customs House, Telegraph House, Post Office and a Bank. In July 1869 Evans advertised that the hotel had received "extensive improvements and additions" and could accommodate "a much larger circle of patrons in first-class style; had cool ale, spirits, porter and wines always on hand as well as first class stabling".</p><br>
<p>The Townsville economy continued to boom in the 1870s and 1880s as the gold fields created new markets for the flagging pastoral industry. New industries were developed such as sugar cane and manufacturing. Infrastructure and administration also developed as the population expanded to total 1500 in 1875. Civic and commercial works underlined Townsville&#39;s growing importance as the regional centre and port of an extensive pastoral and mineral district.</p><br>
<p>Evans left Tattersalls in 1872 to supervise the building of his new Queens Hotel on the Strand. James McGrath became the licensee of Tattersalls in 1874 beginning a long association of the extended McGrath family with the hotel. Following his death in 1878, his son Daniel McGrath became the licensee. In that year, Thomas Enright, who became a leading community figure associated with Tattersalls hotel, became the licensee of the Post Office Hotel, Townsville. Enright had come to Townsville in 1878 working with his father, Thomas Enright senior on a variety of civil infrastructure projects. He had spent the previous years from 1876 exploring the Hodgkinson region inland from Cairns (a potential goldfield) and before that had been licensee of the Commercial hotel at Sadliers Waterholes (now Morven) from 1873–75 and the Drovers Arms, Hoganthulla 1875-77.</p><br>
<p>In 1881, the original 1865 hotel was demolished. In its place, a two-storeyed timber and corrugated galvanised iron structure was added to the brick 1868 section. It featured exposed framing and lace brackets on the supporting posts of the verandah and roof. The new Tattersall&#39;s was reported to be "a handsome new structure".</p><br>
<p>In April 1884 Enright transferred the license of the Post Office Hotel to JR Riley while Daniel McGrath continued to hold the license to Tattersalls. In 1885 Enrights wife tragically died and in the following year he took over the license and running of Tattersalls Hotel. Townsville continued to boom with the population growing from 1500 in 1875 to 3032 in the 1881 census. Tattersalls was centrally located in the growing township with the town&#39;s first buses operating from the hotel and continued to be the terminus of Townsville bus routes for nearly a century.</p><br>
<p>During the 1880s the growth of the sugar and mineral industries encouraged the construction of rail lines from Townsville to Ayr, Charters Towers and Hughenden. There was also considerable expenditure on harbour improvements with the construction of jetties at Ross Island and improvements to the eastern breakwater.</p><br>
<p>Enright remarried in 1888 to Miss Parker, the daughter of a leading Ipswich butcher and he continued to run the new Tattersalls. By 1895, Townsville had grown to the extent that Tattersalls was considered to be "one of the few connecting links between old and new Townsville". The new hotel was considered to be one of the most comfortable in the municipality accommodating fifty. The hotel had a bottle department selling directly imported liquor and made up and dispatched country orders. Enright was also the sole promoter of Nimrod&#39;s Consultations which conducted horse racing sweeps that were "becoming more and more popular".</p><br>
<p>In June 1895 a right of way added to the rear of the property, presumably to enable better service access. It is unclear whether the partial demolition of the non-balconied 1868 extension occurred at this time or whether it was severely damaged during Cyclone Sigma in 1896. The remaining section was rendered from the street frontage, presenting a blank wall and the roofline totally altered. Photos taken soon after Cyclone Leonta in 1903 reveal this remnant section, detached from the main hotel. It remains the oldest identified building in Townsville.</p><br>
<p>In 1899 shortly after being elected mayor, Enright replaced the 1881 two-storey timber section with a new two-storeyed brick building. W. G Smith and sons Architects produced plans for the new hotel. Smith and Hansen were contracted as the builders.</p><br>
<p>The 1881 section was moved on rollers along Flinders Street to the Western corner of Blackwood Street where it became Fritz Grosskoffs Boarding House. With this structure removed, the 1868 balconied section of Tattersalls had its balcony and roof demolished. The new hotel incorporated this section into its length down Wickham Street with a uniform verandah, parapet and roof. On completion in 1899, it presented as a unified whole.</p><br>
<p>The interior, finished in silky oak and cedar, was lighted by gas. The courtyard formed by the wings of the building was paved and was described as being like a conservatory. Wide verandahs and fretwork panels above the doors were designed to channel the Strands breezes through the hotel. The iron lace pattern used on Tattersalls was also used on two other Townsville buildings, Matthew Rooneys House (now Yongala Lodge) and "Kardinia". The North Queensland Herald regard the new Tattersalls as "an architectural acquisition to Flinders Street".</p><br>
<p>Enright remained as landlord for three years transferring the licence to his brother-in-law George Sullivan in 1902. During the 1930s the hotel was renamed "Ramages" while Sid Ramage was proprietor but its name reverted to Tattersalls after his departure. The exterior of the hotel has changed little with the exception of the original curved valance which was replaced with a horizontal profile during the 1960s. Around 1999, the hotel was renamed Molly Malones Irish Pub and themed as an Irish bar and grill.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Tattersalls Hotel is part of the Flinders Street East Precinct. Tattersalls Hotel is a two-storeyed rendered brick building with frontages to Flinders and Wickham Streets. A timber verandah supported on timber posts extends along the two street frontages. The verandah has a cast iron balustrade separated by double timber posts. The iron lace is of a rare design.</p><br>
<p>Tattersall&#39;s Hotel is located on a prominent corner site at the intersection of Flinders and Wickham Streets, within an historic precinct which includes the Queensland Building, the former Bank of New South Wales and the former Burns Philp Building.</p><br>
<p>It has a single pitched corrugated iron roof, hidden behind a parapet. Bull nosed awnings, wide verandah&#39;s and a wooden valance adorn both street frontages.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the hotel has changed little with the exception of the original curved valance which was replaced with a horizontal profile during the 1960s. A remnant section of the original valance design still exists at the angled corner of the hotel.</p><br>
<p>Up to four former doorways on the footpath of the Wickham Street section have been bricked in and rendered. This is the 1868 balconied section that was incorporated into the 1899 extension.</p><br>
<h3>Ground floor</h3><br>
<p>There are two bars on the Flinders and Wickham Street frontages. Almost no original fabric is visible, the walls being rendered and the ceiling covered in fibro. Over the bar area air conditioning ducting has been enclosed in a lowered ceiling.</p><br>
<p>A cellar exists under the bar area. It was filled with cracker dust approximately ten years ago as it had become unusable due to water penetration.</p><br>
<p>A timber internal staircase rises from the Flinders Street foyer. It has a well-crafted turned timber baluster on one side and handrail height panelling against the wall.</p><br>
<h3>First floor</h3><br>
<p>Several guest rooms from the 1899 extension remain with enamel room numbers located on doors. Many original fanlight panels and ceiling roses are extant.</p><br>
<h3>Courtyard</h3><br>
<p>An open area exists to the rear of the building which originally contained a section of the 1868 extension. What appeared to have been a U -shaped courtyard has since been covered over with a1960s singe storey masonry extension.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Tattersalls Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Tattersalls Hotel, erected in 1899 and incorporating an earlier 1868 brick section demonstrates the pattern of Queenslands regional history associated with the development of Townsville as a key northern port and service centre for the surrounding mining and pastoral districts.</p><br>
<p>Tattersalls Hotel is associated with the Tattersalls hotel empire which had connections to numerous Queensland towns.</p><br>
<p>The hotel complex, including the 1868 and 1899 buildings, demonstrates the utilitarian pattern of approach adopted in the late 19th Century towards reconstructing business premises by incorporating earlier sections as the place developed.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Tattersalls Hotel features a rare pattern of cast iron balustrade particular to North Queensland. The incorporation of this design of balustrade is an important link to the other two buildings it survives upon in Townsville; the private residences of the former Rooneys House (Yolonga Lodge) and "Kardinia".</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates the incorporation of older brick structures into newer buildings during the 19th Century. The 1868 sections are the oldest structures identified in Townsville.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The 1868-69 additions use of brick prior to local manufacture has the potential to reveal further information about materials and construction techniques that were adopted during the foundation years of the settlement.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Tattersall&#39;s Hotel demonstrates the principal characteristics of a two-storied 19th Century hotel through its prominent location at an intersection, its incorporation of accommodation on the first floor, public facilities on the ground floor and wide sweeping verandahs.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Tattersall&#39;s Hotel has considerable aesthetic appeal and is located at a prominent junction of Flinders and Wickham Streets, Townsville. It is opposite the Queensland Building, the former Bank of New South Wales Building and the former Burns, Philp building and contributes to the visual and historical significance of the Flinders Street East, Wickham Street precinct.</p><br>
<p>Townsville State Government Offices is a heritage-listed office building at 419 Flinders Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Andrew Baxter Leven and built in 1928 by Queensland Department of Public Works. It is also known as the former Public Curator&#39;s Office. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 January 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The State Government Offices were built in 1928 by the Queensland Department of Public Works to accommodate various departmental offices in Townsville in one central location.</p><br>
<p>Townsville was proclaimed a town in 1866. It experienced its first phase of major growth when gold was discovered in the nearby town of Ravenswood in 1868. Townsville became the leading regional centre in north Queensland reflected by the construction of the State Government Offices, one of the earliest examples of purpose built offices for state government departments.</p><br>
<p>The State Government Offices was constructed under the supervision of the Queensland Department of Public Works in 1928. The chief architect at the time was Andrew Baxter Leven who was employed by the Department from 1910 to 1951, also associated with the design of the building was another Works Department employee, FL Jones. The building is typical of many other government buildings of the time including the Cairns Court House, City Council building and Post Office, Cairns Post, Maryborough Government Offices Building and Maryborough City Hall.</p><br>
<p>The offices were designed to accommodate a further storey above the entablature. Various State Departments were accommodated within the building including State Insurance, Public Curator, State Children and Health Departments, Titles, Stamp Duties, Lands and Marine, Machinery and Mines. Provisions were also made for the installation of a lift in the event of the third storey being built. The building was designed to ensure adequate lighting and natural ventilation.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The State Government Offices in Townsville is a two storeyed masonry building with a basement. Externally, the building features a rock-faced granite plinth and cement rendered facade. The main entrance, on Flinders Street, is surmounted by a broken pediment with a crest supported on pairs of engaged square fluted columns, and is centrally located within a two storey colonnade. The ground floor storey has an ornate concrete balustrade whilst the upper storey a simple wrought iron balustrade. The corner bays of the building feature colossal order stylised ionic columns. The facade of the building is surmounted by a deep entablature, crowned by a parapet. Internally, the main entrance doors open into a vestibule from which a flight of marble steps, flanked by a pair of ionic columns, leads into the main corridor.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>State Government Offices was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 January 1995 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The State Government Offices (the ormer Public Curator&#39;s Office) in Townsville is one of the earliest examples of state government offices built outside Brisbane which reflects the prominence of Townsville as a major regional centre in Queensland in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Townsville State Government Offices, erected in 1928, is significant as a good example of a building designed by the Department of Public Works in the 1920s influenced by classical revival styles.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building forms a prominent landmark on the corner of Flinders and Stanley Streets and contributes to the streetscape value of Flinders Street which is characterised by buildings of similar scale and form.</p><br>
<p>Bank of New South Wales Building is a former heritage-listed bank at 101-111 Flinders Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1887 by Denis Kelleher. It is also known as Australian Meat Industry Employees Union . It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Bank of New South Wales Building was built for the Bank of New South Wales in 1887. It was third building which the bank had constructed. Built by Townsville builder Denis Kelleher at a cost of £7,500, the building was probably designed by Sydney architect John Smedley, with construction supervised by architect WM Eyre of the Townsville firm of Eyre and Munro and Brisbane architect FDG Stanley.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of New South Wales was the second banking company to be established in Townsville. The Australian Joint Stock Bank opened on 19 February 1866 and the Bank of New South Wales on 20 March 1866.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of New South Wales was founded in 1817 in Sydney, New South Wales. In 1851 Robert Towns, a Sydney businessman, became a shareholder. During the early 1860s Towns formed a business partnership with John Melton Black in his North Queensland properties and investment speculations, including the establishment of a port on Cleveland Bay. Keen to protect his investment in the new settlement at the port and to encourage the expansion of the Bank of New South Wales into North Queensland, Towns facilitated the establishment of a branch of the bank in Townsville within a year of settlement.</p><br>
<p>The first branch building, leased from Towns and Black, was located in Flinders Street East near the site of the present building, but the managers and staff soon complained that the building was hot and plagued by mosquitoes from Ross Creek. A decision was made to move after Queensland Bank Inspector, Alexander Archer, reported that the bank and its records were unsafe located amongst a group of wooden buildings.</p><br>
<p>The second bank building and a manager&#39;s residence were constructed in 1869 on the corner of Wickham Street and The Strand on the present Townsville Customs House site. While these premises were well placed for the sea breezes, the building was again deemed unsuitable because of the distance from the centre of town and the difficulty of access via Wickham Street.</p><br>
<p>By August 1875 the Bank of New South Wales had purchased a new site closer to the centre of town while still taking advantage of the sea breezes. However, the block on the corner of Flinders and Wickham Streets remained undeveloped for a further twelve years, despite Brisbane architect James Cowlishaw calling tenders on 8 January 1883 for the erection of banking premises at Townsville for the Bank of New South Wales.</p><br>
<p>During the 1860s, Cowlishaw had supervised the construction of the Brisbane branch of the Bank of NSW for Sydney architect GA Mansfield, and was also involved in the construction of branches in Bowen and Rockhampton. It is not certain whether the 1883 tender for a new bank building in Townsville was for a building designed by Cowlishaw, or another design by Mansfield to be supervised by Cowlishaw. However, newspaper reports of 1887 suggest that, either way, the 1883 design for a Bank of New South Wales in Townsville was not constructed.</p><br>
<p>By October 1887 however, the Townsville Herald noted that FDG Stanley, architect for three buildings being erected in Townsville including the Bank of NSW, inspected these with his local representative Mr WM Eyre who was supervising their construction. Three months later on 24 December 1887, the same newspaper congratulated the architect Mr Smedley of Sydney for his design of the newly completed Bank of New South Wales building. This suggests Smedley was Mansfields successor as the banks design architect in Sydney, and Eyre was the local supervising architect with Stanley his senior partner.</p><br>
<p>The new premises included the banking chamber, manager and accountants offices, strong rooms and ablution facilities. The managers residence included nine private rooms, kitchen, bathroom linen press and pantry. Included in the complex were stables, a coach house and a messenger&#39;s room.</p><br>
<p>In 1925 Townsville architect Walter Hunt supervised alterations to the building including the installation of the pressed metal ceiling in the banking chamber. The work was carried out by contractor J Hillman.</p><br>
<p>On 17 November 1931 the Bank of Commerce amalgamated with the Bank of New South Wales. In Townsville the combined businesses operated from the Flinders St/Wickham Street offices until 12 January 1935 when the main office of the bank moved to new premises at the corner of Flinders and Stokes Streets.</p><br>
<p>The former premises became known as the East Flinders Street Branch of the Bank of New South Wales, with the branch operating from the building until it was sold. Historical Services Section of the Westpac Banking Corporation provided information that the property was sold in 1940 for £2500 but titles information indicates that the building was not sold until 26 February 1941 when the Queensland branch of the Australian Meat Industry Employees Union (AMIEU) purchased it.</p><br>
<p>With the threat of invasion of Australia by Japan during the early years of WWII, Townsville was selected as the supply base for the allied forces in the south west Pacific. By 1941 many buildings in the city had been requisitioned including the former Bank of New South Wales from the AMIEU.</p><br>
<p>A detachment of Area Signals personnel established a telegraph, switchboard and dispatch rider service in the building prior to February 1942. For a short time after the attack on Pearl Harbour, Col North, Commander of the Townsville area, established his headquarters in the building along with the Signals Corp. During this period PMG style switchboards were installed and the communication centre connected to service units being established throughout the region. Telegraph facilities in the building were linked to Charters Towers and to units further west as well as to Victoria Barracks, Brisbane. Part of the first floor was also used as living quarters for the Area Signals Officer and Operations Officer.</p><br>
<p>During this period, a concrete bunker was constructed at the rear of the property to house a cypher group who worked to decode Japanese messages. Pigeon lofts were also built in the yard to supply ships and aircraft with carrier pigeons.</p><br>
<p>Towards the end of 1942 or early 1943, the switch installation became a security monitor of all telephone calls, both civil and military, emanating from North Queensland. About twenty AWAs manned the switch which was connected to the Security Monitoring Centre at Stuart, south of Townsville. The monitoring unit remained in the building until the end of the war.</p><br>
<p>The AMIEU, located in Denham Street during the war, did not move into this building until about 1948. For the next three decades the AMIEU building became a bastion of the Labor movement in Townsville and North Queensland, with the building and surrounding area becoming a focus for workers seeking permits to work at the Ross River Meatworks, seeking social security in the Queensland Building diagonally opposite, and visiting the Tattersalls Hotel, across Wickham Street which was a favourite recreation venue for all those who lived and worked in the area.</p><br>
<p>From the late 1940s until the early 1970s, the building was a hive of activity and the centre of labour issues for North Queensland. During this period. apart from the AMIEU, the Trades and Labour Council and the Seamen&#39;s Union operated at various times from offices on the first floor, and later the Communist Party had an office on the Wickham Street verandah.</p><br>
<p>The Seamens Union, miners unions, the Trades and Labour Council and affiliated unions, and particularly the Communist Party were involved in the 1948 Railway Strike; a strike which highlighted the conflict between the unions and the Labor Party and a conflict which was to split the party a few years later. The Seamens Union and various mining and craft unions played active roles in this conflict with the Queensland Government and the industrial court over wage fixing measures introduced by the court in 1939. This conflict was to raise questions of fundamental importance to a democratic society, such as the extent of civil liberties, the use of violence, and the distortion of truth.</p><br>
<p>The labour organisations in this building were also involved in the Mount Isa Strike of 1964/65 when the Qld Trades and Labour Council, representing unionists at the mine, came into conflict with Mount Isa Mines management over bonus payments. The Communist Party was also involved to a lesser degree through union officials and members who were members of the Communist Party.</p><br>
<p>From 1 January 1954 Remington Rand Charters Pty Ltd leased most of the ground floor and part of the first floor of the building. They had a showroom of typewriters and business machines in the banking chamber, a workshop at the rear, and accounting branch offices upstairs connected by a stairs to the banking chamber. A partition in the corridor divided them from the other tenants. Remington Rand vacated the building early in the 1970s, then for several years ex-employees continued to work from the building. The ground floor has remained vacant since these workshops closed in the late 1970s.</p><br>
<p>About 1962-3, the toilets on the first floor were altered to divide the single male toilet into male and female toilets. This became necessary after the introduction of a Federal award which, after some 60 years, again allowed women to work at the meatworks, and so women would be coming to the union offices in the building for their work tickets.</p><br>
<p>There were also apparently substantial wrought iron gates in the Flinders Street fence and at the Wickham Street entrance, which have all been removed.</p><br>
<p>In 1995, Townsville celebrate VP50 (the 50th anniversary of victory in the Pacific). A small ceremony was held in the building and a plaque presented recognising the service of the men and women of the Royal Australian Corps of Signals here during WWII.</p><br>
<p>The building has housed Flynns Irish Bar since 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Bank of New South Wales building is a two-storeyed stuccoed masonry structure on the corner of Flinders Street East and Wickham Street, Townsville. With the Tattersalls Hotel, the Queensland Building and the Burns Philp Building, it forms a group of late-19th century commercial buildings on the four corners of this intersection. Flinders Street East also retains many other late-19th century commercial masonry buildings.</p><br>
<p>The principle facades of the Bank of NSW building are set on the street alignments of Flinders and Wickham Streets, and joined by a curved bay at the street corner. The facades are asymmetrical, and are divided by pilasters and by a horizontal moulded string course between the levels. In each bay are sets of windows, mostly double hung but some louvres and fixed lights to the curved bay at the corner, all with external moulded architraves.</p><br>
<p>The simple squared parapet has a moulded and bracketed cornice above the windows, and a higher decorative parapet with "Bank of NSW" in relief above the main Flinders Street entrance. This entrance is emphasised by moulded pilasters to either side, decorative plasterwork and a segmented arch over the doorway.</p><br>
<p>Behind the parapet is a hipped roof with moulded chimneys and ventilators. The facades not facing the street have little decoration, apart from the two-storeyed verandah to the north-eastern end of the building. The upper level of the verandah, now enclosed with louvres and fibro, has segmental arched openings and cast iron balustrade, and the lower level has moulded semi-circular archways infilled with timber and masonry.</p><br>
<p>Through the Flinders Street entry doors is a decorative timber vestibule, with timber and glass panelled walls and doors, which leads to the former banking chamber. The former chamber features highly decorative pressed metal ceilings, moulded architraves and dados, and two central decorative cast iron columns. It also has a concrete safe which retains its safe door and some timber shelving, and a curious window opening to the stair landing reputedly for managers to supervise their staff from above.</p><br>
<p>From Wickham Street is a second entrance lobby, and vestibule with tessellated tiles. The timber stair features substantial newels, twisted balusters, and boarding to the underside. From the mid landing is the window opening to the former chamber, and a doorway to a small room and stair to the exterior.</p><br>
<p>The remainder of the ground floor includes several former offices between the chamber and the stair, and a series of small service rooms to the rear. Projecting from the north-western corner of the building is a single-storey wing, with three small former services rooms opening onto a common verandah. This wing has details consistent with the two-storey part of the building.</p><br>
<p>The First Floor has a central corridor with rooms opening to either side. The corridor is divided by a pedimented and panelled partition with a pair of glazed French doors, and by an adjacent fibro partition. The first floor interior features moulded timber skirtings and architraves, some panelled doors with toplights, some double hung windows, and decorative metal ceilings and cornices.</p><br>
<p>At the top of the main stair is a hall, divided by a square arch with panelled architraves, and by a fibro partition with a small hatch. To the north-eastern end of this level is a verandah enclosed with louvres and fibro sheet, but with the cast iron balustrade still visible from the exterior.</p><br>
<p>At the north-western corner of the site is a rectangular concrete building, mostly covered with vines and other vegetation. It is a single room, with access from a covered entrance porch.</p><br>
<p>To the western end of the site is the garage, reputedly the former stables, which is constructed of brick with a corrugated iron skillion roof, double-hung windows and boarded doors. Access to the western yard is through a rendered masonry fence on the Flinders Street alignment. Along the north-eastern boundary is a face brick fence, with a curved coping, engaged piers and recessed panels.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Bank of New South Wales building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Built and occupied by the Bank of New South Wales from 1887-1935, the building is associated with the establishment of the presence of the bank in Townsville and the growth of Townsville as a major port in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is typical of bank buildings of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with a ground floor plan banking chamber and a second floor residence for the manager.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building is substantially unaltered since WWII. It is of extremely high quality in its design, detailing and finishes. It is one of the few intact ground floor commercial interiors of all the historical buildings of Flinders Street East. The upper level retains its layout as a managers residence, and includes a white marble fireplace and timber joinery. The building was probably designed by Sydney architect John Smedley, and constructed by Townsville builder Denis Kelleher under the supervision of Townsville architect WM Eyre and his partner FDG Stanley of Brisbane. Eyres firm, Eyre and Munro, were later responsible for other Bank of NSW branches including Georgetown, Winton, Cairns and Charters Towers.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the Former Bank of New South Wales remains remarkably intact. The street facades form a major contribution to the streetscape of the Flinders Street East area, which retains many historical commercial buildings. The facade of the building along Wickham Street also contributes to the linking of this area with the historical government precinct of lower Melton Hill. The intersection of Flinders and Wickham Street has a prominent historical building on each of its four corners.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building is associated with the Royal Australian Corps of Signals who occupied it between 1941-1948. The announcement of the end of WWII first reached North Queensland through this facility. Purchased by the AMIEU in 1941, and occupied by them in 1948, the building is significant for its long association with the Union, over 50 years, and the substantial role that the Union played, in connection with other organisations such as the Ross River Meatworks, in the social and economic framework of Townsville. The building is associated with a number of other Unions, with offices being occupied at various times by the Seamen&#39;s Union, the Communist Party and the Queensland Trades and Labour Council (Townsville Branch). Whilst in this building, these organisations were involved in several industrial disputes, including the Mount Isa Mines Strike of 1964-5, in which the Trades and Labour Council played a key role.</p><br>
<p>The former Wadena Fire and City Hall is a historic government building in Wadena, Minnesota, United States, built in 1912. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 for having local significance in the theme of politics/government. It was nominated for being a representative example of early-20th-century civic development and of the municipal buildings common to many small Minnesotan cities. The building now houses a chiropractic clinic.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The old Wadena Fire and City Hall is a rectangular, two-story building of red brick with concrete details. The center of the ground floor façade is dominated by a large, semicircular arch with a raised concrete keystone. This is flanked by symmetical doors with corbeled concrete lintels topped by smaller arched windows. The second floor is topped by a dentillated false cornice, a decorative panel of bricks in a herringbone pattern, and a crenelated parapet. Many of these decorations derive from Renaissance Revival architecture. The southwest corner of the building has an open belfry with a pyramidal roof and a concrete frieze embellished with festoons.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wadena&#39;s first combination city hall and fire station was built in 1885. Within a quarter of a century the facility was inadequate for both purposes, and city officials began planning a replacement in late 1911. Minneapolis architect Kirby T. Snyder drafted a compact design for a new multipurpose hall. Construction began on a new lot the following summer and was completed in early January 1913. The period of 1910 to 1915 saw a major construction boom in Wadena, with new public, commercial, and residential buildings appearing, plus two large new churches.</p><br>
<p>Queensland Building is a heritage-listed office building at 104-106 Flinders Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Mark Cooper Day and built from 1890 to by John Petrie & Son. It is also known as North Queensland Insurance Building. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Queensland Building was built in 1890-2 by the important North Queensland firm of Burns, Philp Co. Ltd as the headquarters for its subsidiary insurance company, which role it retained for over eighty years.</p><br>
<p>Townsville was established in 1864 by partners John Melton Black and Robert Towns and was gazetted as a port of entry in 1865. It grew quickly as a supply centre and by 1873 the port was receiving international as well as coastal traffic. Improvements were carried out to improve facilities and to allow larger ships to anchor. By 1880 Townsville was the port for several major goldfields and had opened the first stage of the Great Northern railway line westwards through Charters Towers and beyond, consolidating its importance as a port and mercantile centre. Townsville had many prosperous mercantile and shipping firms including the major partnership of Burns Philp.</p><br>
<p>James Burns arrived in Brisbane in 1862 with his brother John, who set up a store there while James worked on a pastoral run. In 1867, James established a store in Gympie, beginning a long commercial association with mining fields. In 1872 he moved to Townsville and set up his own business there, as improvements to the port and the wharves on Ross Creek were beginning. He was joined in 1874 by Robert Philp who had previously worked for shipping agents in Brisbane. Burns moved to Sydney in 1877 and established himself as an importer and shipping agent, while Philp continued business in the north. In 1883 they formed a company, Burns Philp and Company Limited, registered in Sydney. Philp was elected to the Queensland Legislative Assembly in 1886 but continued to represent the northern interests of his company.</p><br>
<p>Burns Philp developed rapidly during the boom of the 1880s and Townsville owed much of its importance to the fact that it was the headquarters of this company. Within a decade of Burns arrival in Townsville, the company dominated trade in North Queensland, supplying a huge range of goods and establishing branches in such places as Charters Towers. They also became a major player in Pacific Island and New Guinea trading. By the time that the Queensland Building was constructed, Burns Philp had passed beyond being a North Queensland company only and had shed some of its local retail activities, selling its drapery interest to Hollis Hopkins, for instance. Its shipping business was so important that the North Queensland Insurance Company was initially formed in 1886 to cover its own maritime interests.</p><br>
<p>The land on which the Queensland Building stands was originally purchased by Robert Towns and John Melton Black in 1867. It was situated near the Burns Philp wharves on Ross River and at the opposite corner of Wickham Street from the Burns Philp Offices. In 1890, Burns Philp purchased the land for an office for its subsidiary insurance company. Sydney-based architect Mark Cooper Day, who had just completed a house for Sir James Burns at Parramatta, was engaged to design the building. Construction was carried out by the Brisbane builders John Petrie and Son and supervised by local architects Eyre and Munro. When completed, the quality of the workmanship in the building was highly praised. The position of the new offices in relationship to the existing Burns Philp and Company building on the other side of the intersection may have been taken into account in the design, so that two company buildings harmonious in scale and design formed a gateway to the Burns Philp wharves on Ross Creek beyond.</p><br>
<p>The North Queensland Insurance building originally provided space on the ground floor for the resident company secretary, the manager, public offices, a strong room and stationery room. The two upper floors had two suites of offices with strong rooms on each floor. North Queensland Insurance was highly successful and soon moved into other areas of insurance, absorbing North Australian Lloyds in 1887 and in 1896 took over the Sydney-based Lloyds Underwriters&#39; Association. To reflect its wider business interest the word "North" was dropped from the company name in 1907.</p><br>
<p>In 1946, part of the block surrounding the offices was subdivided and sold. In 1971 Cyclone Althea took the roof off the building and damaged the ornate parapet. The mansard roof was not replaced and new, lower ceilings were installed during repairs. The current plain parapet was probably installed at this time. In 1972, The offices were purchased by the Townsville Harbour Board, who leased out office space. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the building was tenanted by a doctor who used the two lower floors as consulting rooms and who filled in the arches of the arcade with windows. The top floor was used as offices and living accommodation by an architect.</p><br>
<p>In 1987 the building was bought by Barrier Reef Resources who used part of the building as a residence. It has been for some years the head office of a group of companies. The interior contains offices and residential accommodation of the top floor. The exterior of the building is little changed in form, although some of the surface decoration carried out in moulded render, which can be seen in early photographs, has been removed. The Museum of Tropical Queensland has been constructed on adjoining land.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Queensland Building is located on the south east corner of Wickham and Flinders Streets, Townsville, and has been designed to make the best use of its position with frontages to both streets and a corner entrance. It is across the street from the former headquarters of Burns Philp and Company which has similarities of form and detail.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Building is a 3-storey structure of rendered brick in a free classical style with arcades at each level. There are pronounced cornice mouldings marking each storey. The central entrance is approached by a flight of low steps and is surmounted by a triangular broken pediment. It is flanked by a 3 bay arcade on each side, the round headed arches being separated by pilasters with Doric capitals. The arches on the ground floor have been filled in with glass to create windows and have round canvas window hoods.</p><br>
<p>The arcade on the first floor is similar in form but has Ionic capitals and a balustrade linking the arches. Sash windows are visible in the wall to the rear of the loggia created. The top floor is similar in form, but the arches are separated by consoles. The area above these was originally profusely decorated with swags of moulded render, but is now plain. The roof is concealed by a simple parapet of rendered brick.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Queensland Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The style and quality of the Queensland Building demonstrates the prosperity of Townsville in the 1880s and reflects the way in which North Queensland was developed by the establishment of key ports as commercial and administrative centres. As the premises of a maritime insurance company set up to serve the enterprises of Burns, Philp and Company Limited, the building is closely associated with this development.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Building is important as a good example of a substantial nineteenth century office building in North Queensland which has design elements to accommodate a tropical climate.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is located on the major intersection of Wickham and Flinders Streets, where, by its design, form and materials, it makes a substantial visual contribution to the character of the city.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Building is closely associated with the mercantile entity of Burns Philp and Company Limited, who were an important component in the development of Queensland, as a purpose built office for its subsidiary insurance company.</p><br>
<p>The F.W. Schuerenberg House is located in Brenham, Texas and was built in 1895 by Frederick William Schuerenberg. Schuerenberg, the son of an early German immigrant, was a local businessman who owned a blacksmith shop in Brenham. The mansion is located at 503 West Alamo street and is considered a classic example of Victorian architecture. The Mansion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. It sat vacant from 2005 to early 2016, when it was then purchased by a married couple from Houston who plan to restore it. It is said to be haunted by the spirit of a small girl who occasionally peers out the first floor bay window. it is also rumored that someone committed suicide by hanging themselves in the nursery located on the second floor. The old carriage house is located at the back of the lot on Peabody street. Its Archetectural style closely resembles that of the Wood-Hughes House which is also located in Brenham, Texas</p><br>
<p>Pacha Qullu  or Kimsa Misa  is a 4,702 m mountain in the Andes of Bolivia. It is located in the Oruro Department, Litoral Province, Huachacalla Municipality, west of Huachacalla . Pacha Qullu lies northwest of Inka Qhamachu. The plain at {{coord|18|42|44.86|S|68|34|25.21|W}} northwest of Pacha Qullu is named Kimsa Misa Pampa &#39;.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is a volcano. While the date of the last eruption is not known, the degree of erosion suggests an age of about 8.3 million years. Originally the mountain was about 89 m higher and had a volume of 37.4 km3. Pacha Qullu is a Pliocene age volcano. Its slopes range 11–16°, formed by lava flows and pyroclastic material. Erosion has carved radial gullies into its flanks, at whose ends alluvial fans have formed. The volcano has suffered a sector collapse, resulting in the formation of a 2.4 km wide and 4.7 km breach.</p><br>
<p>Temperatures in the closely located city of Oruro range 4 -, and precipitation is 400 -. The area is very windy. This climate has led to a xerophytic vegetation, including shrubs and tussock grass.</p><br>
<p>Victoria Park Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 266 Boundary Street, South Townsville, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Tunbridge & Tunbridge and built from 1895 to 1896 by Jeremiah Dempsey. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Victoria Park Hotel is the second hotel constructed on this site and was opened in 1896. It was designed by the Townsville architectural firm of Tunbridge and Tunbridge, and was constructed by local builder Jeremiah Dempsey.</p><br>
<p>Townsville was established in 1864 by partners John Melton Black and Robert Towns and was gazetted as a port of entry in 1865. It grew quickly as a supply centre and by 1873 the port was receiving international as well as coastal traffic. Improvements were carried out to port facilities to allow larger ships to anchor. By 1880 Townsville was the port for several major goldfields and had opened the first stage of the Great Northern railway line westwards through Charters Towers and beyond, consolidating its importance as a port and mercantile centre.</p><br>
<p>South Townsville was the second area settled in Townsville and soon had a number of hotels, houses and a hospital. By 1890 the suburb had grown substantially. In an era when private transport was expensive and public transport scarce, working people lived near their work. The presence of the Cleveland Foundry, railway and boat building workshops and other industries therefore attracted families to the south side of Ross Creek. Further development between 1890–95, including the establishment of Rooney & Company&#39;s sawmill and workshop, Victoria Foundry and the Ross River Meatworks, brought a further influx of people to live in South Townsville.</p><br>
<p>The corner of Main (now Boundary Street) and Sixth Avenue was an ideal location for the new hotel because it was close to the recently opened Victoria Foundry, the residential areas of South Townsville and Railway Estate and to Victoria Park, which in 1891 was the only ground suitable for playing football in Townsville. The land at that time was owned by William Casey who had purchased it in 1888.</p><br>
<p>The Victoria Park Hotel was designed by the local architectural firm of Tunbridge and Tunbridge in 1895. Walter Howard Tunbridge was born and trained in England as an architect. In 1884 he migrated to Australia and worked for Rooney Bros in Townsville. He left to establish his own practice in 1886 and invited his younger brother, Oliver, to join him in 1887. This partnership subsequently became an important architectural and civil engineering firm in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was constructed by local builder Jeremiah Dempsey. On the 9 October 1895, the night before the licensee, Jane Guthrie, was to take possession of the completed hotel, it was destroyed by fire. A second building, of similar design, was begun on the same site. In November 1895, prior to the completion of the second building, the site was leased to Townsville merchant firm, Samuel Allen & Company. They sublet to Jane Guthrie who opened the new hotel, constructed at a cost of £1300, in January 1896.</p><br>
<p>The hotel catered largely for working people from the wharves, the railway, meatworks and foundry and at weekends, sportsmen from nearby Victoria Park. In 1898 Northern Breweries (Qld) Ltd took over the lease from Samuel Allen and Company. They sublet the property to Adelaide Joyce in January 1899. Samuel Allen and Company, who purchased the property in 1907, retained ownership until 1945 when they sold to Emily Hall of Bondi Junction, New South Wales. She leased the property to Townsville firm Cummins and Campbell who eventually purchased the hotel on 6 October 1969 and sold it in 1985. The hotel has since changed hands again and has had a history of leasing and sub-leasing to publicans.</p><br>
<p>Over the years other sporting venues developed, providing competition to Victoria Park, and many industries in the area closed. The character of the surrounding residential area has changed as earlier residents died or moved away. However, the hotel, locally known as the "Vic Park", attracted a regular clientele with a strong affection for it. In 1982, when the Licensing Commission proposed that the hotel should be demolished, there was a community outcry. It was largely due to the efforts of the hotel&#39;s patrons in attracting media attention and public support that the building was retained and underwent extensive repair and renovation. As part of these renovations, the bar area was enlarged and new toilets constructed, but the general appearance and layout of the hotel remained the same.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Victoria Park Hotel is a two storey timber structure situated at the corner of Boundary Street and Sixth Avenue, South Townsville and has major elevations to both streets and a corner entrance.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is approximately L-shaped in plan with the roof, core structure and awnings truncated at the corner facing the intersection. The roof is hipped and clad in corrugated iron. The hotel has exposed exterior studding and is shaded at the street elevations by a balcony on the upper storey and a wider awning that spans the pavement at street level. The awnings to both levels are of corrugated iron supported on timber posts. The balcony to the upper floor has dowel balustrading. The hotel has several entrances on the ground floor, with accommodation above, following the usual internal layout of two storey hotels in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The principal entrance is at the street corner and opens onto a large public bar. Leading from this on the Boundary street side are a lounge and dining area. The original timber ceiling remains above a modern suspended ceiling. The kitchen and pantries are located in a single storey extension to the rear along Boundary Street.</p><br>
<p>The upper floor contains accommodation for the manager and 6 guest bedrooms leading off a central hall. Guest rooms to the verandah have French doors and modern toilets have been constructed on the rear verandah at the south west.</p><br>
<p>There is a beer garden behind the hotel and a 1950s brick butcher&#39;s shop on Lot 2 RP 715005 which was acquired by Cummins and Campbell in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Victoria Park Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Victoria Park Hotel was constructed in 1896 to a design by the Townsville architectural firm of Tunbridge and Tunbridge and demonstrates the development of this early suburb of Townsville. The patrons were largely working people from the surrounding area, which had a considerable amount of industry, and those who used the park for weekend sports.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The building is a good example of a two storey timber hotel of the late 19th century and is the last hotel of this type remaining in Townsville.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building is a good example of a two storey timber hotel of the late 19th century and is the last hotel of this type remaining in Townsville. Change to the hotel has been minimal as the exterior is virtually unchanged and the layout of the interior remains much the same following renovations.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>As a well designed timber building on a prominent corner site, the Victoria Park Hotel makes a major contribution to the built character of South Townsville and is demonstrably well liked by the community.</p><br>
<p>The hotel, built by local builder Jeremiah Dempsey, has served the South Townsville community for over a hundred years as a meeting place, particularly after sporting events. Community regard for the hotel was emphasised in 1982 when regular patrons of the hotel led a successful campaign through the local media protesting the proposed demolition of the building.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is connected with the important North Queensland architectural firm of Tunbridge and Tunbridge as an example of their commercial work.</p><br>
